Abstract
The prestigious theologian founder of the School of Salamanca, Francisco de Vitoria, founded his analysis in the Relectio de Indis, arguably the most important text in the history of international law, both on the defence of Indians’ natural right of dominion as a right to use, and on the need to balance and, if necessary, limit that right through other natural rights and political considerations. This chapter recovers the tradition of dominion of the Parisian faculty of theology, where Vitoria studied, taught and conducted research from 1507 to 1523 and shows the influence of that tradition in Vitoria’s own understanding in his main writings. The argument is that Vitoria’s theologisation of the question of the Conquista enabled him to avail himself of the Parisian concept of dominion. The latter was, paradoxically, a naturalised and secularised understanding of property, detached to a large extent from considerations of the power of jurisdiction. In this sense, Vitoria’s contribution to the development of a global right to property must be recognised. The Spanish theologian transferred that concept of dominion into the new context of a Christian Empire trying to legitimise its accrued wealth in terms of commercial power and territories overseas.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Sprankling (2014), p. 252.
- 3.
- 4.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN GAR 217(III), UN Doc A/RES/217(III) (1948).
- 5.
Gerad d’Abbeville, Sophronius Clasen (1939).
- 6.
Feenstra (1971).
- 7.
Renoux-Zagamé (1987).
- 8.
de Soto (1995).
- 9.
Pagden and Jeremy (1991), pp. 291–292.
- 10.
- 11.
Stiening (2011), p. 148.
- 12.
For recent discussion on the important apology by the jurist Juan López de Palacios Rubios, see Birr (2018).
- 13.
While at the same time, the laws of war also found their way into the solution. Schüßler (2003).
- 14.
Nys (1917), p. 219.
- 15.
Zapatero Miguel (2017), p. 190.
- 16.
“Yo algunas veces pienso cuán grande desvarío es uno de nosotros no solo fablar, pero ni pensar en cosas públicas y de gobernación, que me paresce que es más fuera de términos que si lo señores fablasen en nuestras filosofías. Pero cuando se me acuerda que si algunos hay por cuyo acuerdo se gobiernan estas cosas, son hombres de carne y hueso como nosotros, y que podría ser que quedasen fuera otros tan sabios como los que entran dentro, no tengo por tan gran locura que no lo aciertan ni alcanzan todo.” (Urdanoz 1960, pp. 38–44, quote at 44) (translation mine).
- 17.
Urdanoz (1960), p. 44.
- 18.
- 19.
Grotius (2006), p. 183.
- 20.
- 21.
Pagden and Jeremy (1991), p. 237.
- 22.
This is the view of another realist, see Schmitt (1991), pp. 105–106.
- 23.
- 24.
Aristotle (1952), Book VIII, 1248 a, pp. 20–21.
- 25.
Brufau (1957).
- 26.
Villoslada (1938).
- 27.
Apparently, after he had absorbed its late condensed version (Kärkkäinen 2010).
- 28.
Kitanov et al. (2015).
- 29.
Grand (1965), pp. 210–211 (translation mine).
- 30.
Muñoz (1980).
- 31.
- 32.
Isabel (2005).
- 33.
de Vitoria and Francisco (1934).
- 34.
Schmitt (1974).
- 35.
- 36.
Letter to the all the Christians thanking the College of Sorbonne, (22.6.1262), (Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis I 2014, I, 1889:423).
- 37.
See also (Langella Simona Dic2005-Giu2006, p. 111).
- 38.
Nys (1917), p. 223.
- 39.
Nys (1917), p. 232.
- 40.
- 41.
- 42.
Nys (1917), p. 260.
- 43.
Nys (1917), p. 268.
- 44.
Nys (1917), p. 238.
- 45.
- 46.
Koskenniemi (2011b).
- 47.
- 48.
- 49.
Nys (1917), p. 234.
- 50.
Dens (1832).
- 51.
- 52.
- 53.
Juan López de Palacios (2013), p. 198.
- 54.
Nys (1917), p. 242.
- 55.
Birr (2018), p. 280.
- 56.
de Vitoria (1765), p. 121 (translation mine).
- 57.
Nys (1917), p. 224.
- 58.
Kunkel and Wittmann (1995), pp. 22; 571–579.
- 59.
Nys (1917), p. 218; 221.
- 60.
Nys (1917), p. 223.
- 61.
Villoslada (1938), p. 91.
- 62.
‘Secunda pars conclusionis probatur: quia quilquis dolosè aut iniustè extorquet rem aliquam a proximo ad restitutionem tenetur: ut frequenter ostensum est:s sed usurpans dominium in subditos, nihil iuris habet in eos; ideo quiequid extorquet ab eis iniuste extorquet. Excipit, qd in utilitatem subditorum convertit q. conservatione, aut defensione civitatis, aut bonorum ipsorum; quia per haec utiliter gessit negotia eorum, et ideo ad illorum restitutione non tenetur.’ (Biel 1574, IV, d. 15, q. 5, 327).
- 63.
Renoux-Zagamé (1987), p. 43.
- 64.
“Secunda propositio quae sequitur ex prima: Omne jus et dominium quod invenitur in creaturis est datum a Deo. Patet, quia ita ipse dicit: Per me reges regnant (Prov. 8, 15); non est potestas nisi a Deo (Rom 13.1) Non est dubium. Ego non haberem dominium mei nisi ipse dedisset mihi, qui nullum potest esse dominium, quomodumque capiatur dominium, nisi a Deo. Et quod dictum est, omnis potestas a Domino Deo est, potest dici de quocumque dominio. Fuit ipse proprietarius omnium. An ergo dederit hominibus aliquid dominium rei.” ( de Vitoria and Francisco 1934, III De Justitia (qq. 57/66): q. LXII, art. 1, 69).
- 65.
Brett Annabel (1997), pp. 127–131.
- 66.
de Vitoria and Francisco (1934), III De Justitia (qq. 57/66): q. LXII, art. 1, 67).
- 67.
“Verum est quod est abusiva ista acceptio, non tamen ita quin ea saepe utamur in materia morali, ut dicit Conradus. Et probat hoc, quia si aliquis subriperet rem ab usurario vel usufructuario vel possessionario, diceretur fur, et teneretur illis restituere, dato quod non sint vere domini.” de Vitoria and Francisco (1934), III De Justitia (qq. 57/66): q. LXII, art. 1, 67); Brufau (1957), p. 127.
- 68.
Nys (1917), p. 229; 230; 231.
- 69.
- 70.
The official Franciscan position in (Bonaventure 1898, pp. 310–316).
- 71.
For a study of the controversy with a focus on property rights see (Mäkinen 2001).
- 72.
’Item, probatur ex diffinitione dominii, quia dominium est facultas ad utendum re pro arbitrio suo.’(de Vitoria and Francisco 1934, III De Justitia (qq. 57/66): q. LXII, art. 1, 82).
- 73.
de Vitoria and Francisco (1934), III De Justitia (qq. 57/66): q. LXII, art. 1, 69; 73.
- 74.
Providing e.g. in Durandus de Saint Pourçain pure and strengthening food that facilitate inmortality (Durandi Super Sent., lib. 2 d. 19 q. 1).
- 75.
‘Dubium aliud est de ligno paradisi: quomodo homo est dominus illius postquam vetitum est ei? Ergo aliquid Deus servavit sibi cujus non dedit homini dominium. Concedo. Parum est hoc quod aliquid sit cujus non dederit Deus homini dominium, postquam dedit multorum aliorum dominium. Vel dico quod etiam dedit ei dominium illius ligni, quia solum ei prohibuit ne comederet de illo. Poterat tamen uti eo ligno ad alios usus, scilicet ut daret brutis poma illius, vel excindere ramam illius ad usus suos, vel ad aliud; et hoc non prohibuit Deus. Sed solum ne comederet de illo. Ita quod homo non erat dominius omnium rerum ad omnes usus utamur illo, sicut ne dominus est dominus servi ad omnes usus, quia non ad occidendum. Et sic Deus communicavit homini dominium rerum, licet aliqui usus illarum sint excepti. Et sic propositio nostra generaliter sumpta est vera, quia homo habet dominium omnium rerum.’ de Vitoria and Francisco (1934), III De Justitia (qq. 57/66):q. LXII, art. 1, 73.
- 76.
Nys (1917), pp. 234–235.
- 77.
Renoux-Zagamé (1987), p. 62; 358.
- 78.
‘Ad primam rationem quia quamvis in acquisitione potestatis et iurisdictionis et in eius usu vel abusu possit esse deordinatio tamen in ipso ordine superioritatis et subiectionis in quo consistit dominium et auttoritas iurisdictionis non potest esse deordinatio sicut ordo non potest esse inordinatus quia iam non esset ordo. Ad secundas…potestas iurisdictionis est inter homines a deo inquantum deus indidit hominibus rationem per quam debitus est in hominibus esse talem potestatem propter bonum regimen eorum.’ (de Saint-Pourçain 1507).
- 79.
Item, patet hoc de jure naturali, quia Deus hoc dominium habet a natura, et de jure naturali omnia sibi competent.’68.
- 80.
- 81.
de Vitoria and Francisco (1934), III De Justitia (qq. 57/66): 72.
- 82.
- 83.
John Duns Scotus. Political and Economic Philosophy (2001).
- 84.
- 85.
Nys (1917), p. 257.
- 86.
Wagner (2018), p. 93.
- 87.
- 88.
- 89.
Belda (2000).
- 90.
- 91.
- 92.
de Vitoria and Francisco (1934), III De Justitia (qq. 57/66): 71.
- 93.
Visible in the single moment in which he made a veiled reference to the system of encomiendas (Nys 1917, p. 267).
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García-Salmones, M. (2022). Francisco de Vitoria on the Theology of Dominion and Secular Natural Rights. In: Beneyto, J.M. (eds) Empire, Humanism and Rights. Studies in the History of Law and Justice, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82487-7_5
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