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An Overview of Technology Trends Towards Smarter Cities

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The Automated City

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Abstract

The chapter discusses the rise of technology usage in cities, and how the recent COVID-19 crisis provided an opportunity for technologists to meaningfully consider how their technologies could be useful in cities. We also provide an overview of current technology trends such as AI and robotics, Internet of Things, Intelligent Transport Systems, Automated Vehicles, City Platforms, as well as their applications to smart cities. The chapter provides an integrative overview of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) related to making cities smarter. Against the backdrop of the technology trends, this chapter positions the concept of the Automated City within current conceptualisations of the Smart City, including smart city standards and participatory and data-centric views of the smart city.

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Notes

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  78. 78.

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  81. 81.

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  84. 84.

    For example, it was noted that, in April 2020, more than 70% of people in Switzerland were willing to install a COVID-19 app when available, but by the end of June 2020, over half of the people say they would not, from https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2020/07/blueprint-for-the-perfect-coronavirus-app.html.

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  89. 89.

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  90. 90.

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  91. 91.

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  93. 93.

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  97. 97.

    https://lvin.org/ [last accessed: 20/7/2020].

  98. 98.

    https://arrayofthings.github.io [last accessed: 20/7/2020].

  99. 99.

    https://data.cityofchicago.org/Environment-Sustainable-Development/Array-of-Things-Locations-Map/2dng-xkng [last accessed: 20/7/2020].

  100. 100.

    https://quantifiedself.com/ [last accessed: 14/7/2020].

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    https://cdn.codeground.org/nsr/downloads/researchareas/20201201_6G_Vision_web.pdf [last accessed: 11/1/2021].

  102. 102.

    https://news.samsung.com/global/samsungs-6g-white-paper-lays-out-the-companys-vision-for-the-next-generation-of-communications-technology [last accessed: 12/1/2021].

  103. 103.

    https://www.networkworld.com/article/3147892/one-autonomous-car-will-use-4000-gb-of-dataday.html [12/1/2021].

  104. 104.

    https://deepmind.com/research/case-studies/alphago-the-story-so-far [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  105. 105.

    https://www.aboutamazon.co.uk/amazon-fulfilment/what-robots-do-and-dont-do-at-amazon-fulfilment-centres [last accessed: 28/1/2021].

  106. 106.

    See https://www.explainthatstuff.com/breadmaker.html [last accessed: 13/8/2020] for a description of how a bread-maker works.

  107. 107.

    See https://www.ibm.com/au-en/products/robotic-process-automation [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  108. 108.

    https://www.govtechreview.com.au/content/gov-digital/news/3-in-4-us-states-plan-to-implement-chatbots-662599812 [last accessed: 23/7/2020].

  109. 109.

    For example, see the City of Casey where the chatbot Amelia is used, https://www.ipsoft.com/2019/08/21/the-city-of-casey-creating-the-most-liveable-city-with-ai-and-amelia/ [last accessed: 23/7/2020].

  110. 110.

    https://fairbnb.coop/ [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  111. 111.

    See the chapter on “Testing Discrimination in Practice” in the online book on Fairness and Machine Learning at https://fairmlbook.org/testing.html [last accessed: 13/8/2020].

  112. 112.

    For example, see https://cityos.io/ [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  113. 113.

    There are many city dashboards—just a few examples, see https://citydashboard.com.au/, http://citydashboard.org/london/, http://citydashboard.be.unsw.edu.au/, and urban data platforms: https://urban.jrc.ec.europa.eu/#/en, https://opendata.cityofnewyork.us/data/, https://carto.com/blog/forty-brilliant-open-data-projects-preparing-smart-cities-2018/ [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  114. 114.

    See https://developer.cisco.com/smartcities/ and https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/internet-of-things/iot-kinetic.html [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  115. 115.

    http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/tips0930.html [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  116. 116.

    https://aws.amazon.com/government-education/city-transformation/ [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  117. 117.

    https://www.nextdoor.com/ [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  118. 118.

    http://ene-hub.com [last accessed: 20/7/2020].

  119. 119.

    http://ene-hub.com/site/greater-city-of-geelong/ [last accessed: 20/7/2020].

  120. 120.

    See https://cityos.io/ [last accessed: 28/1/2021].

  121. 121.

    For example, see https://citygreen.com/case-studies/jurong-smart-bus-station-singapore/, https://www.sageautomation.com/matilda, and https://europa.eu/investeu/projects/smart-bus-stop_en [last accessed: 20/7/2020]

  122. 122.

    For example, see https://www.smartbin.com and Melbourne’s https://www.ecubelabs.com/melbourne-combats-littering-with-ecubes-smart-bins/ [last accessed: 20/7/2020].

  123. 123.

    This is the CityScope tool developed at MIT, https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/cityscope/overview/ [last accessed: 9/7/2020].

  124. 124.

    For example, see http://www.participatorycity.org/ [last accessed: 1/7/2020].

  125. 125.

    http://itsasia-pacific.com/wp-content/themes/its/images/CountryReport_Australia.pdf [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  126. 126.

    https://www.li.me [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  127. 127.

    An interesting company in this area is Trafi (https://www.trafi.com [last accessed: 28/1/2021]) which has provided MaaS for several major cities, including Lithuania, Rio, Jakarta and Berlin.

  128. 128.

    For example, for Asia and the Pacific, see https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ITS.pdf, for the USA, see https://itsa.org/, for Africa, see http://www.its-africa.org/, and for Europe, see https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/its_en [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  129. 129.

    https://waymo.com [last accessed: 25/7/2020].

  130. 130.

    https://navya.tech/en/ [last accessed: 25/7/2020].

  131. 131.

    https://easymile.com [last accessed: 25/7/2020].

  132. 132.

    See https://advi.org.au/driverless-technology/ [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  133. 133.

    https://www.iso.org/publication/PUB100423.html [last accessed: 30/6/2020].

  134. 134.

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  1. Centre for Internet of Things Ecosystems Research and Experimentation (CITECORE), School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia

    Seng W. Loke

  2. Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia

    Andry Rakotonirainy

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Loke, S.W., Rakotonirainy, A. (2021). An Overview of Technology Trends Towards Smarter Cities. In: The Automated City. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82318-4_1

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