Abstract
Changes in theory, practice, and policy toward homosexuality within the American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) from sexual deviation and pathology to acceptance as variations of normal development are described. A parallel shift is seen in the view of adult sexual, physical, and emotional abuse of children and the boundary violations of analysts who abuse their patients. The darker side of psychoanalysis’s institutional history raises questions about the role of Freud’s Oedipus model at the turn of the century to the exclusion of the family and larger social world.
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Notes
- 1.
Susan Rosbrow-Reich and John Frank, “When a Family Member is Gay: The Third Generation,” The American Psychoanalyst 39, 4 (2005): 29.
- 2.
Charles Socarides, Abraham Freedman, Kenneth Gould, and Selma Kramer (Eds.), Objects of Desire; The Sexual Deviations (New York: International Universities Press, 2002), xvii.
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See the interview with Bieber in: “The APA Ruling: The Issue is Subtle, the Debate is Still On,” New York Times (December 23, 1973): 109.
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Bertram J. Cohler and Robert M. Galatzer-Levy, The Course of Gay and Lesbian Lives; Social and Psychoanalytic Perspectives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 12, 352.
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Socarides et al. (Eds). Objects of Desire, xvii.
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Dudley Clendinen, “Dr. John Fryer, 65, Psychiatrist Who Said in 1972 He Was Gay,” obituary, New York Times (March 5, 2003), section C:13.
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Fryer, cited in Dustin Vern Edward Schneider, “The Constitution of Queer Identity in the 1972 APA Panel, ‘Psychiatry: Friend or Foe to Homosexuals? A Dialogue.’” Thesis (University of Montana, 2013), Appendix B, 126; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5198&context=etd (access March 2021).
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See Stephen Mitchell, “Psychodynamics, Homosexuality, and the Question of Pathology,” Psychiatry 41 (1978): 254–263; and Mitchell, “The Psychoanalytic Treatment of Homosexuality; Some Technical Considerations,” International Review of Psychoanalysis 8 (2002): 63–80.
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Roughton, Ralph. “Opportunities Missed,” Studies in Gender and Sexuality 3 (2002): 73–82.
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Nancy J. Chodorow, “Prejudice Exposed: On Stephen Mitchell’s Pioneering Investigations of the Psychoanalytic Treatment and Mistreatment of Homosexuality,” Studies in Gender and Sexuality 3,1 (2002): 61–72; Jack Dresher, “A History of Homosexuality and Organized Psychoanalysis,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry 36 (2008): 443–460; Dresher, “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell: A Gay Man’s Perspective on the Psychoanalytic Training Experience Between 1973 and 1991,” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 6 (2002): 45–55. See also Dresher, “In Memory of Stephen Mitchell,” Studies in Gender and Sexuality 3 (2002): 95–110.
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Richard Isay, Becoming Gay (New York: Pantheon Books, 1996), 157–161.
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Jay A. Greenberg and Mitchell, Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983).
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Roughton, “Rethinking Homosexuality: What it Teaches us about Psychoanalysis,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association (JAPA) 50 (2002): 733–763.
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American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA), “Position Statement on Parenting” (2012); https://apsa.org/sites/default/files/2012%20%20Position%20Statement%20on%20Parenting.pdf (access March 2021).
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Administration of Barack Obama, 2015, “Remarks on the United States Supreme Court Ruling on Same-Sex Marriage” (June 26, 1015); https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201500463/html/DCPD-201500463.htm (access March 2021).
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Donald W. Winnicott, The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development (New York: International Universities Press, 1965), 57.
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Hans W. Loewald, “Transference-Countertransference,” JAPA 34 (1986): 275–287; Theodore J. Jacobs, “The Corrective Emotional Experience—Its Place in Current Technique,” Psychoanalytic Inquiry 10 (1990): 433–454; Charles Spezzano, “The three faces of two-person psychology development, ontology, and epistemology.” Psychoanalytic Dialogues 6,5 (1996): 599–622.
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Sanford Gifford, “Psychoanalysis in North America from 1895 to the Present.” In: Ethel S. Person, Arnold M. Cooper, and Glenn O. Gabbard (Eds.), Textbook of Psychoanalysis. 1st Edition (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., 2005), 387–406.
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Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. 3 vols. (New York: Basic Books), I: 265–267.
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Sandor Ferenczi, “The Confusion of Tongues Between Adults and Children: The Language of Tenderness and of Passion,” tr. Michael Balint, The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 30 (1949): 225–230. The paper was first presented at the Twelfth International Psycho-analytical Congress in Wiesbaden in 1932.
- 22.
Hans W. Loewald, “The Waning of the Oedipus Complex,” JAPA. 27 (1979): 751–775.
- 23.
Bennett Simon, “Incest—See Under Oedipus Complex: The History of an Error in Psychoanalysis,” JAPA 40,4 (1992): 955–988.
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See Peter Fonagy, Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis. New York: Other Press, 2001.
- 25.
John Bowlby, “The Nature of the Child’s Tie to Its Mother,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39 (1958): 350–373; Heinz Kohut, The Analysis of the Self. New York (New York: International Universities Press, 1971); Donald W. Winnicott, “Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 34 (1953): 89–97.
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Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Childism, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
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C. Henry Kempe, Frederic N. Silverman, Brandt F. Steele, William Droegemueller, and Henry K. Silver, “The Battered-Child Syndrome,” Child Abuse & Neglect 9 (1985): 143–154.
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Gifford, “Psychoanalysis in North America from 1895 to the Present.”
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Leonard Shengold, Soul Murder, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
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Philip M. Bromberg, Awakening the Dreamer, Clinical Journeys (New York: Routledge, 2006), 6–8.
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Theodore Jacobs “Commentary,” The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 89 (2020): 831–847, here 837–839.
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Ken Corbett, “Masculinity Foretold,” The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 78 (2009): 733–764.
- 33.
See also Kurt Eissler, Box Ri (1955), Sigmund Freud Papers, Library of Congress, Washington.
- 34.
Corbett, “Boyhood Femininity, Gender Identity Disorder, Masculine Presuppositions, and the Anxiety of Regulation,” Psychoanalytic Dialogues 19 (2009): 353–370, here 354.
- 35.
Avgi Saketopoulou, “Mourning the Body as Bedrock; Developmental considerations in treating Transsexual patients analytically,” JAPA 62,5 (2014): 773–806.
- 36.
Kyle D. Pruett “The Nurturing Male.” In: Stanley H. Cath, Alan Gurwitt and Linda Gunsberg (Eds.), Fathers and Their Families (Hillsdale: Analytic Press, 1989), 309–408.
- 37.
Glenn Gabbord, cited in Gifford, “Psychoanalysis in North America from 1895 to the Present,” 379.
- 38.
Muriel Dimen, “Both Given and Made: Commentary on Sakeopoulou,” JAPA 62, 5 (2014): 807–814.
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Frank, J. (2022). Blindness and Repair in Institutional Psychoanalysis: A Brief History. In: Weissberg, L. (eds) Psychoanalysis, Fatherhood, and the Modern Family. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82124-1_9
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