Abstract
Africa has been referred to as the ‘troubled continent’ because of perpetual wars and perennial problems of peace and security that have ravaged the continent over the years (Lansana Gberie, ‘Africa: The Troubled Continent’, 104[415] African Affairs, [2005], pp. 337–342).
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Notes
- 1.
Lansana Gberie, ‘Africa: The Troubled Continent’, 104(415) African Affairs (2005), pp. 337–342.
- 2.
Dan Kuwali, Squaring the Circle: The Role of the African Peace and Security Architecture, Tony Karbo and Kudrat Virk (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Peacebuilding in Africa, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2018, pp. 45–63, p. 46.
- 3.
Global Peace Index, Statistics Times, as of 11 June 2020, available at: https://statisticstimes.com/ranking/globa-peace-index.php (accessed 23 February 2021).
- 4.
International Criminal Court, ‘Situations Under Investigation’, available at: https://www.icc-cpi.int/pages/situation.aspx (accessed 24 August 2020).
- 5.
John Campbell, ‘Global Peacekeeping Operations Overwhelmingly African and in Africa’, Council on Foreign Relations, 10 July 2018, available at: https://www.cfr.org/blog/global-peacekeeping-operations-overwhelmingly-african-and-africa#:~:text=African%20peacekeeping%20missions%20accounted%20for,the%20majority%20of%20those%20troops.&text=The%20African%20bloc%20is%20the,will%20replace%20Ethiopia%20in%202019 (accessed 24 August 2020) .See also Stale Ulriksen and Giovanna Bono, ‘Conclusion: Economic and Diplomatic Tools vs. Military Might’, 11(3) International Peacekeeping (2004), pp. 561–571, p. 561.
- 6.
Centre for Conflict Resolution, ‘Towards a New Pax Africana: Making, Keeping, and Building Peace in Africa’, Concept Paper, Research Seminar, 28–20 August, Stellenbosch, South Africa, p. 6.
- 7.
Namely, Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Central African Republic. See United Nations Association in Canada, ‘UN Peacekeeping: From Peacekeeping to Peacebuilding’, available at: http://www.unac.org/peacekeeping/en/un-peacekeeping/fact-sheets/from-peacekeeping-to-peacebuilding/ (accessed 24 August 2020). See also Gberie, footnote 1 above.
- 8.
African Union (AU), ‘Agenda 2063’, available at: https://au.int/en/agenda2063 (accessed 22 May 2018); and United Nations (UN), ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300 (accessed 22 May 2018). See also United Nations, General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/1, UN Doc A/RES/70/1 (25 September 2015).
- 9.
The AU Assembly of Heads of State and Government adopted the 50th Anniversary Solemn Declaration on 25 May 2013 during the ccommemoration of the OAU/AU’s Golden Jubilee.
- 10.
African Union, Press Release: African Union calls for redoubling of efforts to silence the guns in Africa, Addis Ababa, 8 June 2020, Relief Web, available at: https://relief.int/reporrt/world/press-release-african-union-calls-redoubling-efforts-silence-guns-afrca (accessed 20 February 2021).
- 11.
As above.
- 12.
As above.
- 13.
The AU Master Roadmap of Practical Steps to Silence the Guns in Africa by Year 2020 (“Lusaka Master Roadmap 2016”), available at: https://int/sites/default/files/documents/37996-doc-au-roadmap-silencing-guns-2020.pdf.en.pdf (accessed 24 February 2021).
- 14.
African Union, footnote 10 above.
- 15.
See statement of the Incoming Chairperson of the Commission. His Excellency Cyril Ramaphosa, African Union, 33rd Ordinary Session of the Assembly: Meeting of the Assembly of the African Union Begins, Press Release No: /2020 Date: 09/02/2020, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, available at: https://au.int/en/newsevents/20200209/3rd-ordinary-session-assembly (accessed 20 February 2021).
- 16.
As above.
- 17.
See also Anton de Plesis and Anja Kaspersen, ‘7 Trends Shaping the Future of Peace and Security in Africa’, World Economic Forum 21 June 2016, available at: https://weforum.org/agenda/2016/06/7-trends-shaping-the-african-security-landscape/ (accessed 24 February 2021).
- 18.
See also The Lusaka Master Roadmap 2016, footnote 13 above.
- 19.
Olusola Adeyoose, ‘Achieving Sustainable Peace and Security in Africa’, The Guardian, 22 October 2017, available at: https://guardian.ng/opinion/achieving-sustainable-peace-and-security-in-Africa/ (accessed 23 February 2021).
- 20.
As above.
- 21.
The three key funders of the AU in North Africa include Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia.
- 22.
African Development Bank Group, Jobs for Youths in Africa: Catalyzing Youth Opportunity across Africa, available at: https://afdb-org/kr/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Bottom-3-English.pdf (accessed 2 March 2021).
- 23.
UNAIS, ‘Seizing the Moment: Tackling Entrenched Inequalities to End Epidemics’, Global AIDS Update, 2020, pp. 8–11.
- 24.
Global Peace Index, Statistics Times, as of 11 June 2020, available at: https://statisticstimes.com/ranking/globa-peace-index.php (accessed 23 February 2021).
- 25.
Adeyoose, footnote 20 above.
- 26.
De Plesis and Kaspersen, footnote 17 above.
- 27.
Adeyoose, footnote 17 above.
- 28.
As above.
- 29.
As above.
- 30.
As above.
- 31.
Adeyoose, footnote 17 above.
- 32.
As above.
- 33.
Shamil Idriss and Mike Jobbins, ‘Achieving Peace in the Great Lakes Region’, Africa in Focus, Brookings, 6 February 2015, available at: www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2015/02/06/achieving-peace-in-the-great-lakes-region/ (accessed 23 February 2021).
- 34.
See also United Nations, Declaration on the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, UN Doc.GA/57/L.2/Rev.1 (16 September 2002).
- 35.
African Union, the AU Master Roadmap of Practical Steps to Silence the Guns in Africa by Year 2020 (Lusaka Master Roadmap 2016), available at: https://au.int/sitesdefault/files/documents/37996-doc-au-roadmap-silencing-guns-2020.pdf.en-pdf (accessed 24 February 2021).
- 36.
See Department of Foreign Affairs, The Report on the Implementation of the Conference on Security Stability, Defence and Cooperation in Africa, Republic of South Africa [‘CSSDCA’], p. 2.
- 37.
J. Busumtwi-Sam, ‘Architects of Peace: The African Union and NEPAD’, 7 Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (2006), pp. 71–81, pp. 76–77.
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Kuwali, D. (2022). Introduction. In: Kuwali, D. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainable Peace and Security in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82020-6_1
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