Skip to main content

Resistance Training for the Maximization of the Horizontal Force Production

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Resistance Training Methods

Abstract

This chapter presents a double perspective from theory to practice contributing to the scientific-based evidence what is behind the real examples of best sprinters over the world in order to understand how best coaches train in a daily basis and elite competition context. During From theory section we will introduce from a general perspective (i) the description of a sprint from the velocity–time curve describing the different phases and (ii) the muscular implications needed to each phase characterizing the forces during the sprint. Taking all this together will help readers to understand and have a better knowledge about the adequateness of sprint training methods. During From practice section we will focus on the main sprint training methods, trying to understand how coaches could use them considering the velocity–time curve and the forces during a sprint. This section aims to cover the main parameters to take into account when designing a sprint training program independently of sport with the possibility to orient the target to acceleration or maximal velocity as described in the previous section. This second part intends to cover the very general training principles sprint coaches do have in common, and to shed light on how they differ.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alabin V (1976) Speed and strength of the sprinter. Legk Atleika 248(1):13

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartenyev L (1965) Start, acceleration and special exercises for sprinters. Legk Atleika 120(5):11–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkemeyer H (1966) Training analysis of our most successful sprinters. Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Bompa T (1983) Theory and methodology of training. IA K& H, Dubuque, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Bondarchuk A (2010) Transfer of training in sports, vol II. Ultimate Athlete Concept ed, Chicago, USA, 48 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushnell T, Hunter I (2007) Differences in technique between sprinters and distance runners at equal and maximal speeds. Sport Biomech 6(3):261–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chevychalov G, Gorozhanin V (1965) They write about the sprint again. Legk Atleika 125(10):7–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomenkov L (1955) 100m and 200m races. Phys Cult Sport

    Google Scholar 

  • Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU (2010) Adaptations in athletic performance after ballistic power versus strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(8):1582–1598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cromwell D (1929) The background for the track athlete. Life B (ed) Boy’s Life 19(11):20

    Google Scholar 

  • Cromwell D (1939) The sprint races. International Sports, Indianapolis, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross MR, Brughelli M, Brown SR, Samozino P, Gill ND, Cronin JB et al (2015) Mechanical properties of sprinting in elite rugby union and rugby league. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 10(6):695–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross MR, Brughelli M, Samozino P, Brown SR, Morin J-B (2017) Optimal loading for maximising power during sled-resisted sprinting. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(8):1–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuthbbert B (1966) Golden girl, the autobiography of betty cuthbert. Pelham Books LTD. London, Great Britain, pp 78–80

    Google Scholar 

  • De Villarreal ES, Requena B, Cronin JB (2012) The effects of plyometric training on sprint performance: a meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res

    Google Scholar 

  • Debaere S, Delecluse C, Aerenhouts D, Hagman F, Jonkers I (2013) From block clearance to sprint running: characteristics underlying an effective transition. J Sports Sci 31(2):137–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delecluse C, Van Coppenolle H, Willems E, Van Leemputte M, Diels R, Goris M (1995) Influence of high-resistance and high-velocity training on sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27(8):1203–1209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch MU, Kearney GA, Rehrer NJ (2007) Time—motion analysis of professional rugby union players during match-play. J Sports Sci 25(4):461–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erbstösser H (1968) The design of the annual training 1963/64 in the men’s sprint. Leipzig DHfK

    Google Scholar 

  • Faude O, Koch T, Meyer T (2012) Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. J Sports Sci 30(7):625–631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fillin V (1955) Training methods for the best foreign sprinters. Legk Atleika 1(1):26–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis C (1990) Speed trap, inside the biggest scandal in olympic history. Lester é Orpen Dennys, Toronto, Canada, 306 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis C (1992) The charlie francis training system. TBLI Publications Inc. Ottawa, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabbett TJ (2012) Sprinting patterns of National Rugby League competition. J Strength Cond Res 26(1):121–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcelon W (1894) Some points on sprinting. Levingst Evening J Apr 17

    Google Scholar 

  • Golokhvastov D (1959) Running uphill. Legk Atleika 49(6):16

    Google Scholar 

  • Graubner R, Nixford E (2009) Biomechanical analysis of the sprint and hurdle events at the 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. New Stud Athl 26(1–2):19–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundlach H (1964) Research on the use of artificial traction in speed training for sprinters. Theory Pract Compet Sport 2(5):85–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundlach H (1968) Application of high-speed intensity in sprinting. Theory Pract Compet Sport 6(3):114

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundlach H (1969) Test procedure for checking sprint speed. Theory Pract Compet Sport 18(3):225

    Google Scholar 

  • Handreck K (1965) My experience in advanced training for sprinters. Theory Pract Compet Sport 3(1):31–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Harre D (1971) Principles of sports training. Sportverlag, Berlin, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris G, Stone M, O’Bryant H, Proulx C, Johnson R (2000) Short term performance effects of high speed, high force or combined weight training. J Strength Cond Res 14(1):4–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes B (1992) Run, bullet, run, the rise, fall and recovery of Bob Hayes. Harper & Row, New York, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess W (1979) Developing the speed ability in the annual structure of the short sprinter, taking special consideration on the volume and intensity of the special training area. Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Horrigan J (1990) The fastest man in the world, Coach Charlie Francis reveals Ben Johnson’s weight training connection. Iron Mag. 6:100–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter JP, Marshall RN, McNair PJ (2004) Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(2):261–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter JP, Marshall RN, McNair PJ (2005) Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration. J Appl Biomech 21(1):31–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaenicke L (1981) The typical microcyclic load evolution of a sprinter in a preparation and competition period. Leipzig DHfK, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Jesse J (1971) Strength, power and muscular endurance for runners and hurdlers. Athletic Press, San Marino, USA, pp 41–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Kersee B (1989) Philosophy of running training and methodology, women sprinters and heptathlon. Track F Quart Rev 1:3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Korobkov G, Fillin V (1956) The way to improve sprinters skills. Legk Atleika 8(1):8–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang R (1975) Physiological performance examinations in the athletics sprint. Theory Pract Compet Sport 13(7):114–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Letzelter M (1986) Krafttraining (strength training). Gmbh RTV. Hamburg, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Letzelter M (2010) Sprinttraining, volume II. Schors-Verlag Niedernhausen/TS, Hamburg, Germany, pp 272–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Letzelter M, Faubel G (1973) The influence of selected power properties on sprint performance. Leistungssport 6:424–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Letzelter M, Schilling T (1974) Maximum strength and power with female sprinters of different performance levels. Leibesübungen 27(6):146–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Linthorne N (1994) The effect of wind on 100-m sprint times. J Appl Biomech 10(2):110–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann RA, Moran GT, Dougherty SE (1986) Comparative electromyography of the lower extremity in jogging, running, and sprinting. Am J Sports Med 14(6):501–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matveyev L (1965) The problem of sport training periodization. Physical Culture and Sport, Moscow, Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride JM, Triplett-McBride T, Davie A, Newton RU (2002) The effect of heavy- versus light-load jump squats on the development of strength, power, and speed. J Strength Cond Res 16(1):75–82

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald-Beiley E (1953) If it’s speed you’re after. Co SP&, Chicago, USA, 112 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Mero A, Komi PV, Gregor RJ (1992) Biomechanics of Sprint Running. Sport Med 13(6):376–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morin JB, Samozino P (2016) Interpreting power-force-velocity profiles for individualized and specific training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 11(2):267–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morin JB, Samozino P, Bonnefoy R, Edouard P, Belli A (2010) Direct measurement of power during one single sprint on treadmill. J Biomech 43(10):1970–1975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morin J-B, Edouard P, Samozino P (2011) Technical ability of force application as a determinant factor of sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43(9):1680–1688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morin JB, Bourdin M, Edouard P, Peyrot N, Samozino P, Lacour JR (2012) Mechanical determinants of 100-m sprint running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 112(11):3921–3930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morin J-B, Gimenez P, Edouard P, Arnal P, Jiménez-Reyes P, Samozino P et al (2015a) Sprint acceleration mechanics: the major role of hamstrings in horizontal force production. Front Physiol 6:404

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin JB, Slawinski J, Dorel S, de villareal ES, Couturier A, Samozino P et al (2015b) Acceleration capability in elite sprinters and ground impulse: push more, brake less? J Biomech 48(12):3149–3154

    Google Scholar 

  • Morin J-B, Petrakos G, Jimenez-Reyes P, Brown SR, Samozino P, Cross MR (2016) Very-heavy sled training for improving horizontal force output in soccer players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy M (1894) College athletics training. Spalding’s Athletic Library, Chicago, USA, 39 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagahara R, Matsubayashi T, Matsuo A, Zushi K (2014a) Kinematics of transition during human accelerated sprinting. Biol Open 3(8):689–699

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagahara R, Naito H, Morin J-B, Zushi K (2014b) Association of acceleration with spatiotemporal variables in maximal sprinting. Int J Sports Med 35(9):755–761

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozolin N (1945) The secret of strength and endurance. Young Guard Edition, Moscow, Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozolin N (1949) Track and field training: fundamentals of training methods. Physical Culture and Sport, Moscow, Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrovsky V (1973) Training and Monitoring. Legk Atleika 212(1):10

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrovsky V (1974) How much? or how? Legk Atleika 232(9):14

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrovsky V (1978) Short distance running. Physical Culture Sport, Moscow, Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabita G, Dorel S, Slawinski J, Sàez-de-Villarreal E, Couturier A, Samozino P et al (2015) Sprint mechanics in world-class athletes: a new insight into the limits of human locomotion. Scand J Med Sci Sport 25(5):583–594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Franco N, Jiménez-Reyes P, Castaño-Zambudio A, Capelo-Ramírez F, Rodríguez-Juan JJ, González-Hernández J et al (2016) Sprint performance and mechanical outputs computed with an iPhone app: Comparison with existing reference methods. Eur J Sport Sci 17(4):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronnestad BR, Kvamme NH, Sunde A, Raastad T (2008) Short-term effects of strength and plyometric training on sprint and jump performance in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 22(3):773–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rumpf MC, Lockie RG, Cronin JB, Jalilvand F (2016) Effect of different sprint training methods on sprint performance over various distances: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 30(6):1767–1785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samozino P, Rabita G, Dorel S, Slawinski J, Peyrot N, Saez de Villarreal E, et al (2016) A simple method for measuring power, force, velocity properties, and mechanical effectiveness in sprint running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 26(6):648–658

    Google Scholar 

  • Schache AG, Brown NAT, Pandy MG (2015) Modulation of work and power by the human lower-limb joints with increasing steady-state locomotion speed. J Exp Biol 218(15):2472–2481

    Google Scholar 

  • Schimpchen J, Skorski S, Nopp S, Meyer T (2016) Are ‘classical’ tests of repeated-sprint ability in football externally valid? A new approach to determine in-game sprinting behaviour in elite football players. J Sports Sci 34(6):519–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard JM, Dingley AA, Janssen I, Spratford W, Chapman DW, Newton RU (2011) The effect of assisted jumping on vertical jump height in high-performance volleyball players. J Sci Med Sport 14(1):85–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simperingham KD, Cronin JB, Ross A (2016) Advances in sprint acceleration profiling for field-based team-sport athletes: utility, reliability validity and limitations. Sport Med 46(11):1619–1645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sleivert G, Taingahue M (2004) The relationship between maximal jump-squat power and sprint acceleration in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 91(1):46–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer M, Bishop D, Dawson B, Goodman C (2005) Physiological and metabolic responses of repeated-sprint activities:specific to field-based team sports. Sports Med 35(12):1025–1044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • State O (1955) Strength training for athletes. Amateur Athletics Association, London, Great Britain, 90 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Tepper E (1989) On the state of development and the training system in the GDR women’s short sprint. In: European Athletics Coaching Association Congress. Bad Blankenburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Ter Ovanesyan A (1946) The use of strength exercises during training in sprinting, jumping, throwing. Theory Pract Phys Cult 9(10):449–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Turova G (1955) Experience in increasing the volume of a sprinter’s running training. Legk Atleika 2(2):9–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazel P (2018) History of the reaction time in sprint events. In: Biomechanical report for the IAAF World Indoor Championships 2018, 60 metres women. International Association of Athletics Federations, Birmingham, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Veale JP, Pearce AJ, Carlson JS (2007) Player movement patterns in an elite junior Australian rules football team: an exploratory study. J Sports Sci Med 6(2):254–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkhoshanskiy Y (1970) Fundamentals of special strength training in sports. In: Physical culture and sport. Moscow, Russia

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkhoshanskiy Y (1974) Jump in the training of sprinters. Legk Atleika 232(9):16–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigne G, Gaudino C, Rogowski I, Alloatti G, Hautier C (2010) Activity profile in elite Italian soccer team. Int J Sports Med 31(5):304–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh J (1859) ‘Stonehenge”. British rural sports. Routledge, Warnes & Routledge F, London, Great Britain

    Google Scholar 

  • Westhall C (1863) The modern method of training. Beeton, London, Great Britain, 36 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyand PG, Sternlight DB, Bellizzi MJ, Wright S (2000) Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J Appl Physiol 89(5):1991–1999

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler C (1868) Sportascrapiana. Marshal & Co, London, Great Britain, 180 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild J, Bezodis N, Blagrove R, Bezodis I (2011) A biomechanical comparison of accelerative and maximum velocity sprinting : specific strength training considerations. UK Strength Cond Assoc 21(21):23–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Worman J (1894) Answers to correspondents. Outing Mag

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Sun Y, Yang C, Wang D, Yin K, Herzog W et al (2016) Biomechanical insights into differences between the mid-acceleration and maximum velocity phases of sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 30(7):1906–1916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zabierzowski Z (1962) Short distance races. Sport & Tourism, Warsaw, Poland, 70 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Zatsiorsky V (1966) Motor abilities of athletes. In: Fizkultura l sport. Moscow, Russia, 70 p

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pedro Jiménez-Reyes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jiménez-Reyes, P., Vazel, PJ. (2022). Resistance Training for the Maximization of the Horizontal Force Production. In: Muñoz-López, A., Taiar, R., Sañudo, B. (eds) Resistance Training Methods. Lecture Notes in Bioengineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81989-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81989-7_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81988-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81989-7

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics