Skip to main content

If Ever I Offended You I Am Sorry’: Disparagement Humour, Black Twitectives and the Dream Deferred

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Politics of Laughter in the Social Media Age

Abstract

This qualitative chapter uses digital ethnography to explore how aspirant Miss South Africa’s humorous old social posts were excavated by what I call Twitectives from social media ruining her prospects of participating and winning the pageant. This chapter illustrates how disparagement humour can be used for racist and body-shaming purposes usually with devastating consequences. I argue that within jokes are embedded some truths, beliefs and prejudices. Also embedded in these are superiority complexes where jokers feel superior to those that they make fun of. Schoombee’s jokes are anchored on privilege, either as a white woman or as someone society has categorized as beautiful, with advantages that accrue because of whiteness, able-bodied-ness and blessed with a slim, healthy figure. In the current world where the world is moving towards a woke society, that is, a society that critiques human behaviours and calls out inappropriate behaviours and cancels out those who transgress certain social norms and anti-racism and anti-body-shaming ethics, those who make insensitive jokes are likely to lose out on their livelihoods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adkins, K. (2019). When shaming is shameful: Double standards in online shame backlashes. Hypatia, 34(1), 76–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, J. (1806). An account of travels into the interior of southern Africa in the years 1797 and 1798. A. Strahan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardon, A. (2005). The philosophy of humor. In M. Charney (Ed.), Comedy: A geographic and historical guide, 2 vols (pp. 462–476). Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billig, M. (2005). Laughter and ridicule: Towards asocial critique of humour. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billig, M. (2001). Humour and hatred: The racist jokes of the Ku Klux Klan. Discourse & Society, 12(3), 267–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dados, N., & Connell, R. W. (2012). The global south. Contexts, 11(1), 12–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, C. (2004). Victor Raskin on jokes. Humor, the International Journal of Humor Research, 17(4), 373–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, W. J. (1985). The superiority theory of humor at work. Small Group Behavior, 16(4), 556–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin white masks. Grove Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, T. E., & Ferguson, M. A. (2004). Social consequences of disparagement humor: A prejudiced norm theory. Personality and Social Review, 8(1), 79–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forth, C. E. (2012). Fat, desire and disgust in the colonial imagination. History Workshop Journal, 73(1), 211–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, B. (2007). The end of apartheid & the emergence of the ‘BEE elite’. Review of African Political Economy, 34(11), 661–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gershon, L.(2019). How colonialism shaped body shaming. Politics and History, JStor Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/how-colonialism-shaped-body-shaming/

  • Haider, J., & Bawden, D. (2007). Conceptions of ‘information poverty’ in LIS: a discourse analysis. Journal of Documentation, 63(4), 534–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammett, D. (2010). Political cartoons, Postcolonialism and critical African studies. Critical African Studies, 2(4), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, K. J., Brown, B., Crawford, P., Macfarlane, A., & McPherson, A. (2007). ‘Am I normal?’ Teenagers, sexual health and the internet. Social Science & Medicine, 65(4), 771–781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, M. B. N. (2006). Bodies in Code: Interfaces with Digital Media. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hine, C. (2011). Internet research and unobtrusive methods. Social Research Update, 61. https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU61.pdf

  • Hudson, P. (2013). The state and the colonial unconscious. Social Dynamics, 39(2), 263–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iheduru, O. C. (2008). Why ‘Anglo licks the ANC’s boots’: Globalization and state–capital relations in South Africa. African Affairs, 107(428), 333–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janes, L. M., & Olson, J. M. (2000). Jeer pressure: the behavioral effects of observing ridicule of others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 474–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200266006

  • Khumalo.(2020). The ugly truth about Bianca rightfully eliminates her. https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2020-05-22-the-ugly-truth-about-bianca-rightfully-eliminates-her/

  • Lévy, P. (2001). Cyberculture. Saint Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockyer, S., & Pickering, M. (2008). You must be joking: The sociological critique of humour and comic media. Sociology Compass, 2(3), 808–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malmqvist, K. (2015). Satire, racist humour and the power of (un)laughter: On the restrained nature of Swedish online racist discourse targeting EU-migrants begging for money. Discourse & Society, 26(6), 733–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Applied Social Research Methods Series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medhurst, A. (1990). Laughing matters: Situation comedies. In: Daniels, T., & Gerson, J. (eds.), The Colour Black: Black Images in British Television (pp. 15–60). London: BFI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mpofu, S. (2019a). Jesus comes to South Africa: Black twitter as citizen journalism in south African politics. African Journalism Studies, 40(1), 67–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mpofu, S. (2019b). Pornographic intersections: Race and genitalia in south African political art in the age of digital media. Critical African Studies, 11(2), 230–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mpofu, Shepherd. (2021). Of beaches, monkeys and good old days: How social media race-talk is dismantling the ‘rainbow nation’ in Mare, Admire and Jacintha Muswede, Media and Conflict in Africa (pp. 244–258). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ocler, R. (2009). Discourse analysis and corporate social responsibility: a qualitative approach. Society and Business Review, 4(3), 175–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. (2010). Internet research: The question of method—A keynote address from the YouTube and the 2008 election cycle in the United States conference. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 7(2/3), 241–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seale, C., Charteris-Black, J., MacFarlane, A., & McPherson, A. (2010). Interviews and internet forums: A comparison of two sources of qualitative data. Qualitative Health Research, 20(5), 595–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shifman, L., Coleman, S., & Stephen, W. (2007). Only joking? Online humour in the 2005 UK general election. Information, Communication & Society, 10(4), 465–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strings, S. (2019). Fearing the black body: The racial origins of fat phobia. NYU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, C. A., & Golash-Boza, T. (2013). ‘It was only a joke’: how racial humour fuels colour-blind ideologies in Mexico and Peru. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(10), 1582–1598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology: How to choose a sampling technique for research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5(2), 18–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trindade, L.V.P.(2019). Disparagement humour and gendered racism on social media in Brazil.Ethnic and Racial Studies.https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1689278.

  • Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1940). On joking relationships. Africa, 13, 195–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T. A. (1992). Discourse and the denial of racism. Discourse & Society, 3(1), 87–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vice, S. (2010). How do I live in this strange place? Journal of Social Philosophy, 41(3), 323–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, S. (2013). Arhetorical discourse analysis of online anti-Muslim and anti- Semitic jokes. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(3), 483–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, S. (2011). Jokes, rhetoric and embodied racism: Arhetorical discourse analysis of the logics of racist jokes on the internet. Ethnicities, 11(4), 413–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zambardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 17, 237–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zillmann, D. (1983). Disparagement Humor. In P. E. McGhee & J. H. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of humor research. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mpofu, S. (2021). ‘If Ever I Offended You I Am Sorry’: Disparagement Humour, Black Twitectives and the Dream Deferred. In: Mpofu, S. (eds) The Politics of Laughter in the Social Media Age. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81969-9_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics