Abstract
Chapter 3 sets out the criteria to be met with regard to the composition of the product water of an SWRO plant, the treatment steps to be applied to meet these requests, and how these are to be dimensioned and calculated. While the main focus of post-treatment when using SWRO product water as industrial process water is on the reduction of its salinity, a number of additional quality criteria must be taken into account when using it as drinking water and/or in agriculture. These are national or international drinking water regulations, regulations for the composition of water for agricultural irrigation and livestock farming, and guidelines to mitigate the corrosive effect of the product water on the materials used in the water distribution network as well as the make-up of existing water resources. SWRO post-treatment includes post-desalination, alkalisation/remineralisation, conditioning, and primary and secondary disinfection of the product water. Alkalinisation/remineralisation involves increasing the alkalinity and calcium content of the product water. Conditioning may optionally include dosing of fluoride, magnesium, and corrosion inhibitors, and the disinfection steps the use of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and/or chloramine. The process components of post-treatment are described in terms of their structure and mode of operation, and their design is outlined. For alkalisation/remineralisation, the dimensioning of the hydrated lime/carbon dioxide process and that of the limestone filter/carbon dioxide variant are presented. Chapter 3 concludes with descriptions of how to calculate the power take-up of the whole post-treatment stage and of its constituent process steps.
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Notes
- 1.
Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality-Volume 3.
Primary Industries-Rationale and Background Information (Irrigation and general water uses, stock drinking water, aquaculture and human consumers of aquatic foods), 2000.
- 2.
American Public Health Association, American Waters Works Association, Waters Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater-APHA 2330 Calcium Carbonate Saturation.
- 3.
DIN 38404-10-2012—German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge—Physical and physico-chemical parameters (group C)—Part 10—Calculation of the calcite saturation of water (C 10).
- 4.
DIN EN 12502—Guidance on the assessment of corrosion likelihood in water distribution and storage systems Part 1: General; Part 2: Influencing factors for copper and copper alloys; Part 3: Influencing factors for hot-dip galvanised ferrous materials; Part 4: Influencing factors for stainless steels; Part 5: Influencing factors for cast iron, unalloyed and low-alloy steels.
- 5.
DOW Water & Process Solutions, Amberlite PWA 10 & Amberlite IRA 743; Lanxess, Lewatit, MK 51; Mitsubishi Chemical, DIAION CRBO3 & CRBO5; Purolite, S 108.
- 6.
Guidelines for Drinking Waters Quality-4th Edition, 2011, World Health Organisation (WHO).
- 7.
2018 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables-United States Environmental Protection Agency.
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Annexes
Annexes
3.1.1 3.A1 Post-Treatment: Remineralization/Alkalinization—Lime/CO2 Process Design
3.1.2 3.A2 Post-Treatment: Remineralization/Alkalinization—Limestone/CO2 Process Design
3.1.3 3.A3 Post-Treatment: Disinfection Process Design—Primary and Secondary Disinfection
= Input parameter
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Ludwig, H. (2022). Post-Treatment. In: Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination Volume 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81927-9_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81927-9_3
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