Abstract
In order to avoid becoming mere implementers of trade agreements negotiated by the federal government, Canadian provinces, notably Quebec and Ontario, have become increasingly involved in trade negotiations. Although the federal government has full powers over treaties and sole responsibility for international trade, when we look at the actual process of trade negotiations, it appears as a “de facto shared practice.” The “new generation” of trade agreements increasingly involves areas of provincial jurisdiction, whether public procurement, labor, state monopolies and corporations, investment, the environment, or sustainable development. The evolution of trade agreements has made provincial involvement more critical. This chapter looks at the role Ontario and Quebec played in the NAFTA renegotiation, leading to the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, and finds that it falls somewhere between the role they played in the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement and Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations.
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Notes
- 1.
This article is based on Stéphane Paquin, “Means of Influence, the Joint-Decision Trap and multilevel trade negotiations: Ontario and Québec and the renegotiation of NAFTA compared” Journal of International Economic Law, December 2021.
- 2.
Anonymous interview in Québec and Toronto in October 2017 and March 2018.
- 3.
Anonymous interview, June 2014.
- 4.
Anonymous interviews in Quebec City in October 2017, April and October 2018, and in Toronto in March and October 2018.
- 5.
Anonymous interview, Montreal, August 2016.
- 6.
Anonymous interview in Quebec City in October 2017, April and October 2018, and Toronto in March and October 2018.
- 7.
Anonymous interview in Quebec City in October 2017, April and October 2018, and Toronto in March and October 2018.
- 8.
Anonymous interview in Quebec City in October 2017, April and October 2018, and Toronto in March and October 2018.
- 9.
Anonymous interviews in Québec in October 2017, April and October 2018, and Toronto in March and October 2018.
- 10.
Anonymous interview in Québec, October 2018.
- 11.
Anonymous interviews of Quebec and Ontario officials in October 2018.
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Anonymous interview of Quebec officials in October 2018.
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Anonymous interview of Quebec officials in October 2018.
- 14.
Anonymous interview of Quebec officials in October 2018.
- 15.
Anonymous interviews in Québec and October 2018 and Toronto in October 2018.
- 16.
Bill C-4, Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement Implementation Act—February 18, 2020—Privy Council Office—Canada.ca—Canada.ca: “On January 23, 2020, premiers issued a press release stating their unanimous support for the Agreement and calling for its implementation as soon as possible, including the commitment by the federal government to provide full and fair compensation for supply managed farmers and processors”, available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/privy-council/corporate/transparency/briefing-documents/parliamentary-committees/standing-committee-internal-trade/bill-c-4-canada-united-states-mexico-agreement-implementation-act-february-18-2020.html. Impatience has steadfastly grown for compensation with delays from the federal government. On October 29, 2020, it was reported that “Dairy farmers received a first payment of $345 million in 2019, before the federal election, but haven’t heard about the remainder of the promised $1.75 billion over eight years.” Karen Briere, “Dairy sector impatient on trade compensation, 29 October 2020,” https://www.producer.com/news/dairy-sector-impatient-on-trade-compensation/.
- 17.
Anonymous interview with Ontario officials, October 2018.
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Paquin, S., Marquis, L. (2022). Canadian Federalism and International Trade: Ontario and Quebec’s Role in the Negotiation of USMCA/CUSMA/T-MEC. In: Gagné, G., Rioux, M. (eds) NAFTA 2.0. Canada and International Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81694-0_3
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