Abstract
The literature on resilience in surgery has exploded over the past decade, with peer-reviewed references in PubMed jumping from 46 in 2009 to 232 in 2019. The issue of resilience for trauma surgeons is especially salient as our work, by definition, exposes us to traumatic events on a regular basis. This places us at high risk for psychiatric sequelae such as depression, burnout, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among others [2, 3]. Newer terms, such as “moral distress,” “moral injury,” and “compassion fatigue” continue to emerge, all related to exposure and response to trauma within the political, social and economic confines of medicine and society [4, 5]. “Resilience” and “resilience training” are colloquially seen as a balm to these stressors, but the exact meanings and uses of these phrases vary considerably and overlap with several adjacent phrases. Therefore, before we begin analyzing what we currently know about resilience and trauma surgery, we must start with definition of terms.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Kurek SJ. EAST 2016 presidential address: resilience. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81(1):1–7.
Shanafelt TD, Balch CM, Bechamps GJ, Russell T, Dyrbye L, Satele D, et al. Burnout and career satisfaction among American surgeons. Ann Surg. 2009 Sep;250(3):463–71.
Joseph B, Pandit V, Hadeed G, Kulvatunyou N, Zangbar B, Tang A, et al. Unveiling posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma surgeons: a national survey. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014 Jul;77(1):148–154. discussion 154.
Jameton A. What moral distress in nursing history could suggest about the future of health care. AMA J Ethics. 2017 Jun 1;19(6):617–28.
Cocker F, Joss N. Compassion fatigue among healthcare, emergency and community service workers: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;22:13(6).
“resilience, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2020, www.oed.com/view/Entry/163619. Accessed 26 August 2020.
Building your resilience [Internet]. https://www.apa.org. [cited 2020 Sep 10]. Available from: https://www.apa.org/topics/resilience
Panagioti M, Geraghty K, Johnson J, Zhou A, Panagopoulou E, Chew-Graham C, et al. Association between physician burnout and patient safety, professionalism, and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Oct 1;178(10):1317–31.
Panagioti M, Hodkinson A, Esmail A. Clarifications needed on study of association between physician burnout and patient safety—reply. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Apr 1;179(4):593–4.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; National Academy of Medicine; Committee on Systems Approaches to Improve Patient Care by Supporting Clinician Well-Being. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 10]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK552618/
Moral Injury - PTSD: National Center for PTSD [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 10]. Available from: https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/cooccurring/moral_injury.asp
Joshi G, Sharma G. Burnout: a risk factor amongst mental health professionals during COVID-19. Asian J Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 8;54:102300.
Warren AM, Jones AL, Shafi S, Roden-Foreman K, Bennett MM, Foreman ML. Does caring for trauma patients lead to psychological stress in surgeons? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013 Jul;75(1):179–84.
Wu D, Gross B, Rittenhouse K, Harnish C, Mooney C, Rogers FB. A preliminary analysis of compassion fatigue in a surgeon population: are female surgeons at heightened risk? Am Surg. 2017 Nov 1;83(11):1302–7.
Bonne S, Williams BH, Martin M, Kaafarani H, Weaver WL, Rattan R, et al. #EAST4ALL: an introduction to the EAST equity, quality, and inclusion task force. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019 Jul;87(1):225–33.
Perceptions of Equity and Inclusion in Acute Care Surgery.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 23]. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Documents/Perceptions%20of%20Equity%20and%20Inclusion%20in%20Acute%20Care%20Surgery.pdf
Achieving Health Equity: Tools for a National Conversation on Racism [Internet]. Dornsife School of Public Health. 2016 [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https://drexel.edu/dornsife/news/latest-news/2016/May/camara-jones-mann-lecture-health-equity-racism/
Racial Trauma. In: Wikipedia [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 10]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_Trauma&oldid=971454596
Polanco-Roman L, Danies A, Anglin DM. Racial discrimination as race-based trauma, coping strategies and dissociative symptoms among emerging adults. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2016 Sep;8(5):609–17.
Kirkinis K, Pieterse AL, Martin C, Agiliga A, Brownell A. Racism, racial discrimination, and trauma: a systematic review of the social science literature. Ethn Health. 2018 Aug 30;2018:1–21.
Liebschutz J, Schwartz S, Hoyte J, Conoscenti L, Christian AB, Muhammad L, et al. A chasm between injury and care: experiences of black male victims of violence. J Trauma. 2010 Dec;69(6):1372–8.
Kaufman EJ, Richmond TS, Wiebe DJ, Jacoby SF, Holena DN. Patient experiences of trauma resuscitation. JAMA Surg. 2017 Sep 1;152(9):843–50.
Lewis GC, et al. Incidence and predictors of acute psychological distress and dissociation after motor vehicle collision: a cross-sectional study. J Trauma Dissociation. 2014 Mar 15;15(2):117–32.
Galtung J. Violence, peace, and peace research. J Peace Res. 1969;6(3):167–91.
Bruce MM, Kassam-Adams N, Rogers M, Anderson KM, Sluys KP, Richmond TS. Trauma providers’ knowledge, views, and practice of trauma-informed care. J Trauma Nurs Off J Soc Trauma Nurses. 2018 Apr;25(2):131–8.
Dimou FM, Eckelbarger D, Riall TS. Surgeon burnout: a systematic review. J Am Coll Surg. 2016 Jun;222(6):1230–9.
Brown CVR, Joseph BA, Davis K, Jurkovich GJ. Modifiable factors to improve work-life balance for trauma surgeons. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;90(1):122–8.
June 12, 2019. Statement on Harassment, Bullying, and Discrimination [Internet]. American College of Surgeons. [cited 2020 Sep 11]. Available from: https://www.facs.org/about-acs/statements/117-harassment
Trauma TEA for the S of. #EAST4All - EAST Equity, Quality, and Inclusion in Trauma Surgery Practice Ad Hoc Task Force [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 11]. Available from: https://www.east.org/news-and-events/news-details/206
Trauma TEA for the S of. As members of the healthcare system, there has never been a more pressing need for us to unite [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 11]. Available from: https://www.east.org/news-and-events/news-details/258
Statement on racism – The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.aast.org/about/statements/statement-on-racism
Shatz and Steffen – IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 12]. Available from: https://westerntrauma.org/documents/WTA_EDI_Statement.pdf
Berg GM, Harshbarger JL, Ahlers-Schmidt CR, Lippoldt D. Exposing compassion fatigue and burnout syndrome in a trauma team: a qualitative study. J Trauma Nurs Off J Soc Trauma Nurses. 2016 Feb;23(1):3–10.
Trauma TEA for the S of. #EAST4All - EAST Equity, Quality, and Inclusion in Trauma Surgery Practice Ad Hoc Task Force [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 23]. Available from: https://www.east.org/news-and-events/news-details/206
February 1, 2018. Statement on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adults [Internet]. American College of Surgeons. [cited 2020 Sep 11]. Available from: https://www.facs.org/about-acs/statements/109-adult-ptsd
Vella MA, Warshauer A, Tortorello G, Fernandez-Moure J, Giacolone J, Chen B, et al. Long-term functional, psychological, emotional, and social outcomes in survivors of firearm injuries. JAMA Surg. 2020 Jan 1;155(1):51–9.
Yehuda R, Hoge CW, McFarlane AC, Vermetten E, Lanius RA, Nievergelt CM, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2015 Oct 8;1:15057.
Physician Well-Being Index [Internet]. American College of Surgeons. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.facs.org/member-services/surgeon-wellbeing/index
Home [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/
Kuehn BM. Trauma-informed care may ease patient fear, Clinician Burnout. JAMA. 2020 Feb 18;323(7):595–7.
Laughon K, Lewis-OʼConnor A. Trauma-informed nursing improves equity. J Forensic Nurs. 2019;15(4):195–6.
Levy-Carrick NC, Lewis-OʼConnor A, Rittenberg E, Manosalvas K, Stoklosa HM, Silbersweig DA. Promoting health equity through trauma-informed care: critical role for physicians in policy and program development. Fam Community Health. 2019 Jun;42(2):104–8.
Chamorro-Premuzic T, Lusk D. The dark side of resilience. Harvard Business Review [Internet]. 2017 Aug 16 [cited 2020 Sep 23]; Available from: https://hbr.org/2017/08/the-dark-side-of-resilience
Southwick SM, Bonanno GA, Masten AS, Panter-Brick C, Yehuda R. Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2014;5
0791_GB_HMS_Diversity-Divide-Playbook-FINAL2_screen.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.oswaldcompanies.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/0791_GB_HMS_Diversity-Divide-Playbook-FINAL2_screen.pdf
Structural-Competency-Handouts-Berkeley-Rad-Med-Critical-Social-Medicine.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/sites/cpci/docs/Structural-Competency-Handouts-Berkeley-Rad-Med-Critical-Social-Medicine..pdf
Eisenstein L. To fight burnout, Organize. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 9;379(6):509–11.
(no title) [Internet]. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https://whitecoats4blacklives.org/
Advocacy [Internet]. Socially Responsible Surgery. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.sociallyresponsiblesurgery.org/advocacy-1
Right to Health Action | Home [Internet]. R2H Action. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.r2haction.org/
Home [Internet]. Black Lives Matter. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https://blacklivesmatter.com/
Coleman JJ, Robinson CK, Zarzaur BL, Timsina L, Rozycki GS, Feliciano DV. To sleep, perchance to dream: acute and chronic sleep deprivation in acute care surgeons. J Am Coll Surg. 2019 Aug 1;229(2):166–74.
Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of sleep medicine and Sleep Research Society. J Clin Sleep Med JCSM Off Publ Am Acad Sleep Med. 2015 Jun 15;11(6):591–2.
Mavroforou A, Giannoukas A, Michalodimitrakis E. Alcohol and drug abuse among doctors. Med Law. 2006 Dec;25(4):611–25.
Masiakos PT, Griggs C. The quiet room. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 21;377(25):2411–2.
Voelker R. Breaking bad news. JAMA. 1999 Oct 27;282(16):1511.
Discussing death: A trauma surgeon’s perspective on talking about death with patients and their families [Internet]. Scope. 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 12]. Available from: https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2019/07/11/discussing-death-a-trauma-surgeons-perspective-on-talking-about-death-with-patients-and-their-families/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bryan, A.F., Nicholson, K., Zakrison, T.L. (2022). Resilience Training for the Trauma Surgeon. In: Wilson, K., Rogers, S.O. (eds) Difficult Decisions in Trauma Surgery. Difficult Decisions in Surgery: An Evidence-Based Approach. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81667-4_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81667-4_33
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81666-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81667-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)