Abstract
Gallbladder disease is one of the most common abdominal conditions requiring the attention of the pediatric surgeon. In this chapter, we review the etiology of stone disease and types of presentation from inflammatory conditions of the gallbladder and biliary tree. We outline the phenomenon of biliary disease and explore the diagnostic algorithms for patients with biliary symptoms. In addition, we compare the treatment options and examine the published outcomes to date.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agarwal N, Sharma BC, Garg S et al (2006) Endoscopic management of postoperative bile leaks. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 5:273–277
Bhattacharyya N et al (1993) Perioperative management for cholecystectomy in sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Surg 28:72–75
Carney DE, Evan R, Kokoska ER et al (2004) Predictors of successful outcome after cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia. J Pediatr Surg 39:813–816
Cooperberg PL, Burhenne HJ (1980) Real-time ultrasonography. Diagnostic technique of choice in calculous gallbladder disease. N Engl J Med 302:1277–1279
Cuschieri A, Lezoche E, Morino M et al (1999) E.a.E.S. multicenter prospective randomized trial comparing two-stage vs. single-stage management of patients with gallstone disease and ductal calculi. Surg Endosc 29:952–957
Dalton BG, Gonzalez KW, Knott EM et al (2015) Same day discharge after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children. J Surg Res 195:418–412
Dekonenko C, Sujka JA, Dorman RM, Oyetunji TA, St Peter SD (2019 Sep) Self-reported outcomes after cholecystectomy for pediatric hyperkinetic biliary dyskinesia. J Surg Res 25(246):73–77
Dolan JP, Diggs BS, Sheppard BC et al (2005) Ten-year trend in the national volume of bile duct injuries requiring operative repair. Surg Endosc 19:967–993
Dubois F, Berthelot G, Levard H (1989) Cholecystectomy by coelioscopy. Presse Med 18:980–982
Friesen CA, Neilan N, Daniel JF et al (2011) Mast cell activation and clinical outcome in pediatric cholelithiasis and biliary dyskinesia. BMC Res Notes 4:322
Garey CL, Laituri CA, Ostlie DJ, Snyder CL, Andrews WS, Holcomb GW 3rd, St Peter SD (2011 May) Single-incision laparoscopic surgery in children: initial single-center experience. J Pediatr Surg 46(5):904–907
Gasior AC, Knott EM, Holcomb GW 3rd, Ostlie DJ, St Peter SD (2014 Jan) Patient and parental scar assessment after single incision versus standard 3-port laparoscopic appendectomy: Long-term follow-up from a prospective randomized trial. J Pediatr Surg 49(1):120–122
Goodwin EF, Partain PI, Lebensburger JD et al (2017) Elective cholecystectomy reduces morbidity of cholelithiasis in pediatric sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 64:113–120
Gould JL, Poola AS, St Peter SD et al (2016) Same day discharge protocol implementation trends in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg 51:1936–1938
Gurusamy KS, Vaughan J, Rossi M, Davidson BR (2014, Feb 20) Fewer-than-four ports versus four ports for laparoscopic cholecystectomy Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD007109
Haberkern CM, Neumayr LD, Orringer EP et al (1997) Cholecystectomy in sickle cell anemia patients: perioperative outcome of 364 cases from the national preoperative transfusion study. Preoperative transfusion in sickle cell disease study group. Blood 89:1533–1542
Holcomb GW III (1993) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Semin Pediatr Surg 2:159–167
Holcomb GW III, Sharp KW, Olsen DO (1991) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the pediatric patient. J Pediatr Surg 26:1186–1190
Holcomb GW III, Morgan WM III, Neblett WW III et al (1999) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children: lessons learned from the first 100 patients. J Pediatr Surg 34:1236–1240
Holcomb GW Jr, O’Neill JA Jr, Holcomb GW III (1980) Cholecystitis, cholelithiasis and common duct stenosis in children and adolescents. Ann Surg 191:626–635
Kaechele V, Wabitsch M, Thiere D et al (2006) Prevalence of gallbladder stone disease in obese children and adolescents: influence of the degree of obesity, sex, and pubertal development. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 42:66–70
Khoo AK, Cartwright R, Berry S et al (2014) Cholecystectomy in English children: evidence of an epidemic (1997-2012). J Pediatr Surg 49:284–288
King DR, Ginn-Pease ME, Lloyd TV et al (1987) Parenteral nutrition with associated cholelithiasis: another iatrogenic disease of infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 22:593–596
Knott EM, Fike FB, Gasior AC, Cusick R, Brownie E, St Peter SD, Azarow KS (2013 Dec) Multi-institutional analysis of long-term symptom resolution after cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia in children. Pediatr Surg Int 29(12):1243–1247
Lacher M, Yannam GR, Muensterer OJ et al (2013) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia in children: frequency increasing. J Pediatr Surg 48:1716–1721
Lachman BS, Lazerson J, Starshak RJ et al (1979) The prevalence of cholelithiasis in sickle cell disease as diagnosed by ultrasound and cholecystography. Pediatrics 64:601–603
Lai SW, Rothenberg SS, Kay SM et al (2017) Outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia in children. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 27:845–850
Liem NT, Benedict LA, Holcomb GW III (2020) Choldedochal cyst and gallbladder disease. In: Holcomb and Ashcraft’s pediatric surgery, 7th edn. Elsevier Inc., St. Louis, pp 695–708
Lillemoe KD (2006) Evaluation of suspected bile duct injuries. Surg Endosc 20:1638–1643
Lillemoe KD, Melton GB, Cameron JL et al (2000) Postoperative bile duct strictures: management and outcome in the 1990s. Ann Surg 232:430–441
Mah D, Wales P, Njere I et al (2004) Management of suspected common bile duct stones in children: role of selective intraoperative cholangiogram and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. J Pediatr Surg 39:808–812
Matos C, Avni EF, VanGansbeke D et al (1987) Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and gallbladder diseases in neonates. J Ultrasound Med 6:243–248
McChesney JA, Northup PG, Bickston SJ (2003) Acute acalculous cholecystitis associated with systemic sepsis and visceral arterial hypoperfusion: a case series and review of pathophysiology. Dig Dis Sci 48:1960–1967
McKernan JB (1991) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am Surg 57:309–312
McLean TR (2006) Risk management observations from litigation involving laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 141:643–648
Moody FG, Haley-Russell D, Li YF et al (1989) The effects of lithogenic bile on gallbladder epithelium. Ann Surg 210:406–415
Newman KD, Powell DM, Holcomb GW III (1997) The management of choledocholithiasis in children in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Pediatr Surg 32:1116–1119
Ostlie DJ, Holcomb GW III (2003) The use of stab incisions for instrument access in laparoscopic operations. J Pediatr Surg 38:1837–1840
Ostlie DJ, Juang OO, Iqbal CW et al (2013) Single incision versus standard 4-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective randomized trial. J Pediatr Surg 48:209–214
Rau B, Friesen CA, Daniel JF et al (2006) Gallbladder wall inflammatory cells in pediatric patients with biliary dyskinesia and cholelithiasis: a pilot study. J Pediatr Surg 41:1545–1548
Reddick EJ, Olsen DO (1989) Laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy. A comparison with mini-lap cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 3:131–113
Reynolds W Jr (2001) The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JSLS 5:89–94
Rhodes MM, Bates DG, Andrews T et al (2014) Abdominal pain in children with sickle cell disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 48:99–105
Sandler A, Winkel G, Kimura K et al (1999) The role of prophylactic cholecystectomy during splenectomy in children with hereditary spherocytosis. J Pediatr Surg 34:1077–1078
Sandoval C, Stringel G, Ozkaynak MF et al (2002) Perioperative management of children with sickle cell disease undergoing laparoscopic surgery. JSLS 6:29–33
Schweizer P, Lenz MP, Kirschner HJ (2000) Pathogenesis and symptomatology of cholelithiasis in childhood. A prospective study. Dig Surg 17:459–467
Srinath AI, Youk AO, Bielefeldt K (2014) Biliary dyskinesia and symptomatic gallstone disease in children: two sides of the same coin? Dig Dis Sci 59:1307–1315
St Peter SD, Keckler SJ, Nair A, Andrews WS, Sharp RJ, Snyder CL, Ostlie DJ, Holcomb GW (2008 Feb) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the pediatric population. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 18(1):127–130
Strasberg SM, Brunt LM (2010) Rationale and use of the critical view of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Am Coll Surg 211:132–138
Strasberg SM, Hertl M, Soper NJ (1995) An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Am Coll Surg 180:101–125
Stringer MD, Ceylan H, Ward K et al (2003) Gallbladder polyps in children – classification and management. J Pediatr Surg 38:1680–1684
St-Vil D, Yazbeck S, Luks FL et al (1992) Cholelithiasis in newborns and infants. J Pediatr Surg 27:1305–1307
Tsai J, Sulkowski JP, Cooper JN et al (2013) Sensitivity and predictive value of ultrasound in pediatric cholecystitis. J Surg Res 184:378–382
Vaughan J, Nagendran M, Cooper J, Davidson BR, Gurusamy KS (2014 Jan 24) Anaesthetic regimens for day-procedure laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD009784
Vettoretto N, Saronni C, Harbi A et al (2011) Critical view of safety during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JSLS 15:322–325
Wales PW, Carver E, Crawford MW et al (2001) Acute chest syndrome after abdominal surgery in children with sickle cell disease: is a laparoscopic approach better? J Pediatr Surg 36:718–721
Walker SK, Maki AC, Cannon RM et al (2013) Etiology and incidence of pediatric gallbladder disease. Surgery 154:927–933
Wu SC, Chen FC, Lo CJ (2005) Selective intraoperative cholangiography and single-stage management of common bile duct stone in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. World J Surg 29:1402–1408
Zargar SA, Javid G, Khan BA et al (2003) Endoscopic sphincterotomy in the management of bile duct stones in children. Am J Gastroenterol 98:586–589
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dekonenko, C., St. Peter, S.D., Holcomb, G.W. (2023). Gallbladder Disease. In: Puri, P., Höllwarth, M.E. (eds) Pediatric Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81488-5_83
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81488-5_83
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81487-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81488-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)