Skip to main content

Dimensions of Belonging for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Belonging and Resilience in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities

Part of the book series: Emerging Issues in Family and Individual Resilience ((EIIFR))

Abstract

What does it mean to belong? For individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), the experience of belonging within schools, workplaces, congregations, neighborhoods, or community groups is often elusive or ephemeral. Yet belonging should be an essential component of our collective efforts to promote the flourishing of individuals with IDD and their families. The chapter addresses how our pursuits in the field of disability have evolved over time and are now pushing beyond integration and inclusion. I present a practical framework for conceptualizing belonging and suggest practices and postures that can promote each of its ten dimensions. I conclude with recommendations for resilience-focused research and practice aimed at fostering communities of belonging for individuals with IDD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agran, M., Brown, F., Hughes, C., Quirk, C., & Ryndak, D. (Eds.). (2014). Equity and full participation for individuals with severe disabilities: A vision for the future. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agran, M., Jackson, L., Kurth, J. A., Ryndak, D., Burnette, K., Jameson, M., Zagona, A., Fitzpatrick, H., & Wehmeyer, M. L. (2020). Why aren’t students with severe disabilities being placed in general education classrooms: Examining the relations among classroom placement, learner outcomes, and other factors. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 45(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540796919878134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, K. A., & Bowles, T. (2012). Belonging as a guiding principle in the education of adolescents. Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology, 12, 108–119. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1002251.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almalky, H. A. (2020). Employment outcomes for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A literature review. Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amado, A. N. (2013). Friends: Connecting people with disabilities and community members. University of Minnesota, Institute on Community Integration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, E. E., & Carter, E. W. (2017). Supporting the social lives of students with intellectual disability. In M. L. Wehmeyer & K. A. Shogren (Eds.), Handbook of research-based practices for educating students with intellectual disability (pp. 235–254). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, E. E., Carter, E. W., & Gilson, C. B. (2018). Systematic review of interventions involving aided AAC modeling for children with complex communication needs. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 123(5), 443–473. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-123.5.443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boehm, T. L., & Carter, E. W. (2016). Systematic review of informal relationships among parents of individuals with intellectual disability or autism. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 41(3), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540796916657339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braddock, D., Hemp, R., Tanis, E. S., Wu, J., & Haffer, L. (2017). The state of the states in intellectual and developmental disabilities: 2017. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020). Employment situation new release: February 2020. Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, J., Hauss, S., & Stark, B. (2009). Participation of individuals with developmental disabilities and families on advisory boards and committees. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 20(2), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207308327744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W. (2015). What matters most: Toward a future of flourishing. TASH Connections, 41(3), 10–20. https://www.gvsu.edu/autismcenter/start-connecting-what-matters-most-toward-a-future-341.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W. (2016). A place of belonging: Research at the intersection of faith and disability. Review & Expositor, 113(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034637316637861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W. (2017). The promise and practice of peer support arrangements for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 52, 141–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irrdd.2017.04.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W. (2018). Supporting the social lives of secondary students with severe disabilities: Critical elements for effective intervention. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 26(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426617739253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W. (2021). Spirituality and supports for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families. In L. M. Glidden, L. Abbeduto, L. L. McIntyre, & M. J. Tassé (Eds.), APA handbook on intellectual and developmental disabilities (pp. 419–442). American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W. (2021). Research on disability and congregational inclusion: What we know and where we might go. Journal of Religion and Disability.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W., Biggs, E. E., & Boehm, T. L. (2016a). Being present versus having a presence: Dimensions of belonging for young people with disabilities and their families. Christian Education Journal, 13(1), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/073989131601300109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W., Boehm, T. L., Biggs, E. E., Annandale, N. H., Taylor, C., Logeman, A. K., & Liu, R. Y. (2015). Known for my strengths: Positive traits of transition-age youth with intellectual disability or autism. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 40(2), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540796915592158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W., Brock, M. E., & Trainor, A. A. (2014). Transition assessment and planning for youth with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. The Journal of Special Education, 47(4), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022466912456241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W., Carlton, M. B., & Travers, H. (2020). Seeing strengths: Young adults and their siblings with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(3), 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12701.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W., Endress, T., Gustafson, J., Shouse, J., Taylor, C., Utley, A., Amado, A., Nord, D., Timmons, J., Kleinert, H., Tyree, M., Canevaro, A., Seay, P., Gaventa, W., & Allen, W. (2016b). Putting faith to work: A guide for congregations and communities on connecting job seekers with disabilities to meaningful work. Collaborative on Faith and Disability.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W., Gustafson, J. R., Mackay, M. M., Martin, K., Parlsey, M., Graves, J., Day, T., McCabe, L., Lazarz, H., McMillan, E., Beeson, T., Schiro-Geist, C., Williams, M., & Cayton, J. (2019). Motivations and expectations of peer mentors within inclusive higher education programs for students with intellectual disability. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 42(3), 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165143418779989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W., McMillan, E., Willis, W., & Partnership, T. W. (2017). The TennesseeWorks Partnership: Elevating employment outcomes for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 47(3), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-170909.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, E. W., Sisco, L. G., Brown, L., Brickham, D., & Al-Khabbaz, Z. A. (2008). Peer interactions and academic engagement of youth with developmental disabilities in inclusive middle and high school classrooms. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 113(6), 479–494. https://doi.org/10.1352/2008.113:479-494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury, M., & Benson, B. A. (2011). Deinstitutionalization and quality of life of individuals with intellectual disability: A review of the international literature. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 8(4), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2011.00325.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A., & Hafner, E. (2010). Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(6), 624–645. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, Y., Carter, E. W., & Sisco, L. G. (2012). Social interaction of students with severe disabilities who use augmentative and alternative communication in inclusive classrooms. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 117(5), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-117.5.349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claes, C., Van Hove, G., Vandevelde, S., van Loon, J., & Shalock, R. L. (2010). Person-centered planning: Analysis of research and effectiveness. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 48(6), 432–453. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-48.6.432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forest, M., & Pearpoint, J. (1997). Four easy questions. Inclusion Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulford, C., & Cobigo, V. (2016). Friendships and intimate relationships among people with intellectual disabilities: A thematic synthesis. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(1), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giangreco, M. F. (2010). One-to-one paraprofessionals for students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms: Is conventional wisdom wrong? Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 48(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-48.1.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giangreco, M. F., Cloninger, C. J., & Iverson, V. S. (2011). Choosing options and accommodations for children (COACH): A guide to educational planning for students with disabilities (3rd ed.). Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grigal, M., & Papay, C. (2018). The promise of postsecondary education for students with intellectual disability. New Directions for Adult & Continuing Education, 2018(160), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.20301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. (2010). Spaces of social inclusion and belonging for people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(s1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01237.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagerty, B. M. K., Lynch-Sauer, J., Patusky, K. L., Bouwsema, M., & Collier, P. (1992). Sense of belonging: A vital mental health concept. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(3), 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9417(92)90028-H.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara, H., Amor, A. M., Shogren, K. A., Thompson, J. R., Verdugo, M. A., Burke, K. M., Uyanik, H., & Aguayo, V. (2019). International trends in inclusive education intervention research: A literature review. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 54(1), 3–17. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1205734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, C. S., Morris, A. S., & Harrist, A. W. (2015). Family resilience: Moving into the third wave. Family Relations, 64(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leigers, K. L., & Myers, C. T. (2015). Effect of duration of peer awareness education on attitudes toward students with disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 8(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/19411243.2015.1021067.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Cann, W. (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health, 152, 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, S., Cagliostro, E., Albarico, M., Mortaji, N., & Karon, L. (2018). A systematic review of the benefits of hiring people with disabilities. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 28(4), 634–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-018-9756-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, S., & Edwards, A. (2013). A systematic review of disability awareness interventions for children and youth. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(8), 623–646. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.702850.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipscomb, S., Haimson, J., Liu, A. Y., Burghardt, J., Johnson, D. R., & Thurlow, M. L. (2017). Preparing for life after high school: The characteristics and experiences of youth in special education (Vol. Vol. 2). U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lysaght, R., Cobigo, V., & Hamilton, K. (2012). Inclusion as a focus of employment-related research in intellectual disability from 2000 to 2010: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 16(16), 1339–1350. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.644023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahar, A. L., Cobigo, V., & Stuart, H. (2013). Conceptualizing belonging. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(12), 1026–1032. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.717584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. Harpers.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConkey, R., Peng, C., Merritt, M., & Shellard, A. (2019). The meaning of social inclusion to players with and without intellectual disability in Unified Sports teams. Inclusion, 7(4), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1352/2326-6988-7.4.234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, P., & Kelly, M. (2009). Community participation and inclusion: People with disabilities defining their place. Disability & Society, 24(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802535410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Core Indicators. (2019). In-person survey: 2017–18 final report. https://www.nationalcoreindicators.org.

  • National Organization on Disability. (2010). Kessler Foundation/NOD survey of Americans with disabilities. Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, L., Wagner, M., Cameto, R., & Knokey, A. M. (2009). The post-high school outcomes of youth with disabilities up to 4 years after high school. SRI International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, L., Wagner, M., Knokey, A. M., Marder, C., Nagle, K., Shaver, D., & Wei, X. (2011). The post-high school outcomes of young adults with disabilities up to 8 years after high school. SRI International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overmars-Marx, T., Thomese, F., Verdonschot, M., & Meininger, H. (2014). Advancing social inclusion in the neighbourhood for people with an intellectual disability: An exploration of the literature. Disability & Society, 29(2), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2013.800469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelleboer-Gunnink, H. A., van Oorsouw, W. M. W. J., van Weeghel, J., & Embregts, P. J. C. M. (2017). Mainstream health professionals’ stigmatising attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(5), 411–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelleboer-Gunnink, H. A., van Oorsouw, W. M. W. J., van Weeghel, J., & Embregts, P. J. C. M. (2019). Stigma research in the field of intellectual disabilities: A scoping review on the perspective of care providers. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2019.1616990.

  • Peltier, G. L. (1997). The effect of inclusion on non-disabled children: A review of the research. Contemporary Education, 68(4), 234–238. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ556298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinders, H. S. (2011). The power of inclusion and friendship. Journal of Religion, Disability, and Health, 15(4), 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228967.2011.619341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renwick, R., DuBois, D., Cowen, J., Cameron, D., Schormans, A. F., & Rose, N. (2019). Voices of youths on engagement in community life: A theoretical framework of belonging. Disability & Society, 34(6), 945–971. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1583551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryndak, D. L., Jackson, L., & Billingsley, F. (2000). Defining school inclusion for students with moderate to severe disabilities: What do the experts say? Exceptionality, 8(2), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327035EX0802_2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., Brown, I., Brown, R., Cummins, R. A., Felce, D., Matikka, L., Keith, K. D., & Parmenter, T. (2002). Conceptualization, measurement, and application of quality of life for persons with intellectual disabilities: Report of an international panel of experts. Mental Retardation, 40(6), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2002)040<0457:CMAAOQ>2.0.CO;2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schnorr, R. F. (1990). “Peter? He comes and goes…”: First graders’ perspectives on a part-time mainstream student. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 15(4), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/154079699001500402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, E. T., Carter, E. W., & Simplican, S. C. (2021). First-year orientation programs involving undergraduates with intellectual disability: Exploring barriers and belonging. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scior, K. (2011). Public awareness, attitudes and beliefs regarding intellectual disability: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 2164–2182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scior, K., & Werner, S. (2015). Changing attitudes toward learning disabilities: A review of the evidence. Mencap.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simplican, S. C. (2019). Theorising community participation: Successful concept or empty buzzword? Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 6(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/23297018.2018.1503938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simplican, S. C., Leader, G., Kosciulek, J., & Leahy, M. (2015). Defining social inclusion of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: An ecological model of social networks and community participation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siperstein, G. N., Norins, J., Corbin, S., & Shriver, T. (2003). Multinational study of attitudes toward individuals with intellectual disabilities. Special Olympics International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siperstein, G. N., Norins, J., & Mohler, A. (2007). Social acceptance and attitude change: Fifty years of research. In J. W. Jacobson, J. A. Mulick, & J. Rojahn (Eds.), Handbook of intellectual and developmental disabilities (pp. 133–154). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L., Wedgwood, N., Llewellyn, G., & Shuttleworth, R. (2015). Sport in the lives of young people with intellectual disabilities: Negotiating disability, identity and belonging. Journal of Sport for Development, 3(5), 61–70. https://jsfd.org/2015/12/05/sport-in-the-lives-of-young-people-with-intellectual-disabilities-negotiating-disability-identity-and-belonging/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strnadová, I., Johnson, K., & Walmsley, J. (2018). “... but if you’re afraid of things, how are you meant to belong?” What belonging means to people with intellectual disabilities? Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(6), 1091–1102. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swinton, J. (2012). From inclusion to belonging: A practical theology of community, disability, and humanness. Journal of Religion, Disability, & Health, 16(2), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228967.2012.676243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. R., Schalock, R. L., Agosta, J., Teninty, L., & Fortune, J. (2014). How the supports paradigm is transforming the developmental disabilities service system. Inclusion, 2(2), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1352/2326-6988-2.2.86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Travers, H., & Carter, E. W. (2021). A systematic review of how peer-mediated interventions impact students without disabilities. Remedial and Special Education, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932521989414.

  • Tucker, E. C., Jones, J. L., Gallus, K. L., Emerson, S. R., & Manning-Ouellette, A. L. (2020). Let’s Take A Walk: Exploring intellectual disability as diversity in higher education. Journal of College and Character, 21(3), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2020.1781659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Education. (2017). Child count and educational environments [raw data]. https://www2.ed.gov/programs/osepidea/618-data/state-level-data-files/.

  • U.S. Department of Education. (2020). The condition of education. Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Alphen, L. M., Dijker, A. J. M., Van Den Borne, H. H. W., & Curfs, L. M. G. (2009). The significance of neighbours: Views and experiences of people with intellectual disability on neighbouring. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(8), 745–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01188.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vicente, E., Guillén, V. M., Gómez, L. E., Ibáñez, A., & Sánchez, S. (2018). What do stakeholders understand by self-determination? Consensus for its evaluation. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(1), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wehmeyer, M. L. (Ed.). (2013). The story of intellectual disability: An evolution of meaning, understanding, and public perception. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehmeyer, M. L., Shogren, K. A., Little, T. D., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.). (2017). Development of self-determination through the life-course. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wentzel, K. R. (2017). Peer relationships, motivation, and academic performance at school. In A. J. Elliot, C. S. Dweck, & D. S. Yeager (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application (pp. 586–603). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winsor, J., Timmons, J., Butterworth, J., Migliore, A., Domin, D., Zalewska, A., & Shepard, J. (2018). StateData: The national report on employment services and outcomes. University of Massachusetts Boston, Institute for Community Inclusion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfensberger, W. (1983). Social role valorization: A proposed new term for the principle of normalization. Mental Retardation, 21(6), 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-49.6.435.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuna, N., Summers, J. A., Turnbull, A. P., Hu, X., & Xu, S. (2010). Theorizing about family quality of life. In R. Kober (Ed.), Enhancing the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities (pp. 241–278). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erik W. Carter .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Carter, E.W. (2021). Dimensions of Belonging for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. In: Jones, J.L., Gallus, K.L. (eds) Belonging and Resilience in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities. Emerging Issues in Family and Individual Resilience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81277-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81277-5_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81276-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81277-5

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics