Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus houses the master clock, but the genes which encode the circadian clock components are also expressed throughout the brain. Here, we review how circadian clock transcription factors regulate neuromodulator systems such as histamine, dopamine, and orexin that promote arousal. These circadian transcription factors all lead to repression of the histamine, dopamine, and orexin systems during the sleep period, so ensuring integration with the ecology of the animal. If these transcription factors are deleted or mutated, in addition to the global disturbances in circadian rhythms, this causes a chronic up-regulation of neuromodulators leading to hyperactivity, elevated mood, and reduced sleep, which have been suggested to be states resembling mania.
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Acknowledgments
Our work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (107839/Z/15/Z, NPF and 107841/Z/15/Z, WW) and the the UK Dementia Research Institute (WW and NPF).
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Yu, X., Franks, N.P., Wisden, W. (2021). Brain Clocks, Sleep, and Mood. In: Engmann, O., Brancaccio, M. (eds) Circadian Clock in Brain Health and Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1344. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_5
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