Skip to main content

A Theoretical Underpinning for Examining Insider Attacks Leveraging the Fraud Pentagon

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Human Aspects of Information Security and Assurance (HAISA 2021)

Abstract

The problem of the insider threat is extremely challenging to manage as it involves trusted entities who have legitimate authorization to the information infrastructure of an organization. It has been reasoned that the framing of the Fraud Pentagon may assist in predicting and preventing white collar crimes such as fraud. The Fraud Pentagon considers the elements of motivation, capability, rationalization, opportunity and arrogance which converge in a crime scenario. The current study considers the value of using the Fraud Pentagon in examining insider attacks. This paper evaluates this theoretical framing from an insider threat perspective, thereby assisting researchers, organizations and information security practitioners in understanding its complexity and its application to the insider threat problem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cybersecurity Insiders: Insider Threat Report (2019). https://www.cybersecurity-insiders.com/portfolio/insider-threat-report/, Accessed 28 May 2021

  2. Cappelli, D.M., Moore, A.P., Trzeciak, R.F.: The CERT Guide to Insider Threats: How to Prevent, Detect, and Respond to Information Technology Crimes (Theft, Sabotage, Fraud). Addison-Wesley, Upper Saddle River (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Farahmand, F., Spafford, E.H.: Understanding insiders: an analysis of risk-taking behavior. Inf. Syst. Front. 15(1), 5–15 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Schultz, E.E.: A framework for understanding and predicting insider attacks. Comput. Secur. 21(6), 526–531 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tan, S.-S., Na, J.-C., Duraisamy, S.: Unified psycholinguistic framework: an unobtrusive psychological analysis approach towards insider threat prevention and detection. J. Inf. Sci. Theory Pract. 7, 52–71 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cressey, D.R.: Other People’s Money; A Study of the Social Psychology of Embezzlement. Free Press, New York (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wolfe, D.T., Hermanson, D.R.: The fraud diamond: Considering the four elements of fraud. CPA J. 2004, 38–42 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mekonnen, S., Padayachee, K., Meshesha, M.: A privacy preserving context-aware insider threat prediction and prevention model predicated on the components of the fraud diamond. In: Annual Global Online Conference on Information and Computer Technology (GOCICT), pp. 60–65. IEEE, Louisville (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Goel, S., Williams, K.J., Zavoyskiy, S., Rizzo, N.S.: Using active probes to detect insiders before they steal data. In: 23rd Americas Conference on Information Systems, pp. 1–8. AIS, Boston, Massachusetts (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Padayachee, K.: An insider threat neutralisation mitigation model predicated on cognitive dissonance (ITNMCD). South African Comput. J. 56(1), 50–79 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fagade, T., Tryfonas, T.: Hacking a bridge: an exploratory study of compliance-based information security management in banking organization. In: Callaos, N., Gaile-Sarkane, E., Hashimoto, S., Lace, N., Sánchez, B. (eds.) Proceedings of the 21st World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (WMSCI 2017), pp. 94–99. International Institute of Informatics and Systemics, Orlando (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Marks, J.: Fraud Pentagon – Enhancements to the Three Conditions Under Which Fraud May Occur (2020). https://boardandfraud.com/2020/05/21/fraud-pentagon-enhancements-to-the-fraud-triangle-and-under-which-fraud-may-occur/, Accessed 31 May 2021

  13. Schuchter, A., Levi, M.: The fraud triangle revisited. Secur. J. 29(2), 107–121 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Beebe, N.L., Roa, V.S.: Improving organizational information security strategy via meso-level application of situational crime prevention to the risk management process. Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 26(1), 329–358 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Harrison, A.J.: The Effects of Technology on Interpersonal Fraud. Iowa State University, Ames (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Analisa, A.: Factors influencing unethical behaviour in banking industry. J. Contemp. Account. 2(2), 97–107 (2020). https://doi.org/10.20885/jca.vol2.iss2.art4

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dellaportas, S.: Conversations with inmate accountants: motivation, opportunity and the fraud triangle. Account. Forum 37(1), 29–39 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dorminey, J.W., Fleming, A.S., Kranacher, M.-J., Riley, R.A., Jr.: Beyond the fraud triangle. CPA J. 80(7), 17–23 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ahmad, A.H., Masri, R., Zeh, C.M., Shamsudin, M.F., Fauzi, R.U.A.: The impact of digitalization on occupational fraud opportunity in telecommunication industry: a strategic review. PalArch’s J. Archaeol. Egypt/Egyptol. 17(9), 1308–1326 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rea-Guaman, A., San Feliu, T., Calvo-Manzano, J., Sanchez-Garcia, I.: Systematic review: cybersecurity risk taxonomy. In: Mas, A., Mesquida, A., O’Connor, R.V., Rout, T., Dorling, A. (eds.) International Conference on Software Process Improvement, pp. 137–146. Springer, Cham, Switzerland (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69341-5_13

    Google Scholar 

  21. Greitzer, F., Purl, J., Becker, D., Sticha, P., Leong, Y.M.: Modeling expert judgments of insider threat using ontology structure: effects of individual indicator threat value and class membership. In: Bui, T.X. (ed.). Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Grand Wailea, Maui, Hawaii, pp. 3202–3211 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Maasberg, M., Warren, J., Beebe, N.L.: The dark side of the insider: detecting the insider threat through examination of dark triad personality traits. In: Bui, T.X., Sprague, R.H. (eds.) 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), pp. 3518–26. IEEE, Los Alamitos (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kandias, M., Mylonas, A., Virvilis, N., Theoharidou, M., Gritzalis, D.: An insider threat prediction model. In: Katsikas, S., Soriano, M., Lopez, J. (eds.) International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business, pp. 26–37. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15152-1_3

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hoyer, S., Zakhariya, H., Sandner, T., Breitner, M.H.: Fraud prediction and the human factor: an approach to include human behavior in an automated fraud audit. In: 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 2382–2391. IEEE, Maui (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kassem, R., Higson, A.: The new fraud triangle model. J. Emerg. Trends Econ. Manag. Sci. 3(3), 191–195 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Clarke, R.V.: Situational crime prevention: theory and practice. Br. J. Criminol. 20(2), 136–147 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kaptein, M., Van Helvoort, M.: A model of neutralization techniques. Deviant Behav. 40(10), 1260–1285 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sykes, G.M., Matza, D.: Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency. Am. Sociol. Rev. 22(6), 664–670 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Siponen, M., Vance, M.: Neutralization: new insights into the problem of employee information systems security policy violations. MIS Q. 34(3), 487–502 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Willison, R., Warkentin, M.: Beyond deterrence: an expanded view of employee computer abuse. MIS Q. 37(1), 1–20 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Minor, W.W.: Techniques of neutralization: a reconceptualization and empirical examination. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 18(2), 295–318 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Klockars, C.: The Professional Fence. Free Press, New York (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Magklaras, G.B., Furnell, S.M.: Insider threat prediction tool: evaluating the probability of IT misuse. Comput. Secur. 21(1), 62–73 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Huff, S.L., Munro, M.C., Marcolin, B.: Modelling and measuring end user sophistication. In: Lederer, A.L. (ed.) Proceedings of the 1992 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research, pp. 1–10. ACM, New York (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Marks, J.: The Mind Behind The Fraudsters Crime: key Behavioral and Enviromental Elements, Crowe Holrath LLP (presentation) (2012). https://www.fraudconference.com/uploadedFiles/Fraud_Conference/Content/Course-Materials/presentations/23rd/ppt/10C-Jonathan-Marks.pdf, Accessed 28 May 2021

  36. Nindito, M.: Financial statement fraud: perspective of the Pentagon Fraud model in Indonesia. Acad. Account. Finan. Stud. J. 22(3), 1–9 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Muhsin, K., Nurkhin, A.: What determinants of academic fraud behavior? from fraud triangle to fraud pentagon perspective. In: International Conference on Economics, Business and Economic Education, pp. 154–167. KnE Social Sciences, Dubai (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Evana, E., Metalia, M., Mirfazli, E.: Business ethics in providing financial statements: the testing of fraud pentagon theory on the manufacturing sector in Indonesia. Bus. Ethics Leadersh. 3(3), 68–77 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Christian, N., Basri, Y., Arafah, W.: Analysis of fraud triangle, fraud diamond and fraud pentagon theory to detecting corporate fraud in Indonesia. Int. J. Bus. Manag. Technol. 3(4), 1–6 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ajzen, I.: From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior. In: Kuhl, J., Beckmann, J. (eds.) Action control. SSSSP, pp. 11–39. Springer, Heidelberg (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2

    Google Scholar 

  41. Padayachee, K.: Joint effects of neutralisation techniques and the dark triad of personality traits on gender: an insider threat perspective. In: 2021 Conference on Information Communications Technology and Society (ICTAS), pp. 40–45. IEEE, Durban (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Simola, P., Virtanen, T., Sartonen, M.: Information security is more than just policy; it is in your personality. In: Cruz, T., Simoes, P. (eds.) ECCWS 2019 18th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, pp. 459–465. Academic Conferences and publishing limited, UK (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Payne, B.K.: White-collar cybercrime: white-collar crime, cybercrime, or both. Criminol. Crim. Just. Law Soc. 19(3), 16–32 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Coles-Kemp, L., Theoharidou, M.: Insider threat and information security management. In: Probst, C.W., Hunker, J., Gollmann, D., Bishop, M. (eds.) Insider Threats in Cyber Security, pp. 45–71. Springer, Boston, MA (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7133-3_3

    Google Scholar 

  45. Beebe, N.L., Roa, V.S.: Using situational crime prevention theory to explain the effectiveness of information systems security. In: 2005 SoftWars Conference, pp. 1–18. Las Vegas, Nevada (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Willison, R.: Understanding the perpetration of employee computer crime in the organisational context. Inf. Organ. 16(4), 304–324 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hinduja, S., Kooi, B.: Curtailing cyber and information security vulnerabilities through situational crime prevention. Secur. J. 26(4), 383–402 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Willison, R., Siponen, M.: Overcoming the insider: reducing employee computer crime through situational crime prevention. Commun. ACM 52(9), 133–137 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Smith, T.R., Scott, J.: Policing and crime prevention. In: Mackey, D.A., Levan, K. (eds.) Crime prevention, pp. 6–88. Jones & Bartlett, Burlington, Massachusetts (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Cornish, D.B., Clarke, R.V.: Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: a reply to Wortley’s critique of situational crime prevention. Crime Prev. Stud. 16, 41–96 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Brown, C.R., Watkins, A., Greitzer, F.L.: Predicting insider threat risks through linguistic analysis of electronic communication. In: 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 1849–1858. IEEE, Wailea (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Memory, A., Goldberg, H.G., Senator, T.E.: Context-aware insider threat detection. In: Twenty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence Workshop, pp. 44–47. Bellevue, Seattle (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Sandhu, R.S., Coyne, E.J., Feinstein, H.L., Youman, C.E.: Role-based access control models. Computer 29(2), 38–47 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Toscano, R., Price, G., Scheepers, C.: The impact of CEO arrogance on top management team attitudes. Eur. Bus. Rev. 30(6), 630–644 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lokanan, M.E.: Challenges to the fraud triangle: questions on its usefulness. Account. Forum 39(3), 201–224 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Sorunke, O.A.: Personal ethics and fraudster motivation: the missing link in fraud triangle and fraud diamond theories. Int. J. Acad. Res. Bus. Social Sci. 6(2), 159–165 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Keshnee Padayachee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Padayachee, K. (2021). A Theoretical Underpinning for Examining Insider Attacks Leveraging the Fraud Pentagon. In: Furnell, S., Clarke, N. (eds) Human Aspects of Information Security and Assurance. HAISA 2021. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 613. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81111-2_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81111-2_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81110-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81111-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics