Skip to main content

Antifungal Agents for Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric ENT Infections

Abstract

Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) infections are common in childhood. Although many bacterial and viral agents can cause ENT infections, fungal agents are also frequently reported. Fungi are commonly responsible for superficial infections in healthy children and invasive infections in children with severe underlying disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hawkins DM, Smidt AC. Superficial fungal infections in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014;61:443–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kovitwanichkanont T, Chong AH. Superficial fungal infections. Aust J Gen Pract. 2019;48:706–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wattier RL, Steinbach WJ. Antifungal agents. In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1532–41.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Pana ZD, Roilides E, Warris A, Groll AH, Zaoutis T. Epidemiology of invasive fungal disease in children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017;6:3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ibáñez-Martínez E, Ruiz-Gaitán A, Pemán-García J. Update on the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2017;30:16–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Wagener J, Einsele H, Cornely OA, Kurzai O. Invasive fungal infection. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019;116:271–8.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bhattacharya S, Sae-Tia S, Fries BC. Candidiasis and mechanisms of antifungal resistance. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9:312–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Faustino C, Pinheiro L. Lipid systems for the delivery of amphotericin b in antifungal therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:29–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Nett JE, Andes DR. Antifungal agents: spectrum of activity, pharmacology, and clinical indications. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016;30:51–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lewis RE. Current concepts in antifungal pharmacology. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:805–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Moran C, Benjamin DK Jr, Smith PB. Pediatric antifungal agents. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22:553–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Groll AH, Rijnders BJA, Walsh TJ, Adler-Moore J, Lewis RE, Brüggemann RJM. Clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:260–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Houšť J, Spížek J, Havlíček V. Antifungal drugs. Metabolism. 2020;10:106–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Groll AH, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ. Antifungal pharmacodynamics: concentration-effect relationships in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:133–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chakravarti A, Bhargava R, Bhattacharya S. Cutaneous mucormycosis of nose and facial region in children: a case series. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77:869–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Deutsch PG, Whittaker J, Prasad S. Invasive and non-invasive fungal rhinosinusitis-a review and update of the evidence. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55:319–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Watt K, Benjamin DK Jr, Cohen-Wolkowiez M. Pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents in children. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87:61–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, Invasive Fungal Infections Group of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Global Aspergillus Study Group, et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:408–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Liu YC, Zhou ML, Cheng KJ, Zhou SH, Wen X, Chang CD. Successful treatment of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis caused by Cunninghamella: a case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases. 2019;7:228–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Head K, Sharp S, Chong LY, Hopkins C, Philpott C. Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;9:CD012453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hoppe JE. Treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis and candidal diaper dermatitis in neonates and infants: review and reappraisal. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:885–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lestner JM, Smith PB, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Benjamin DK Jr, Hope WW. Antifungal agents and therapy for infants and children with invasive fungal infections: a pharmacological perspective. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75:1381–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bellmann R, Smuszkiewicz P. Pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs: practical implications for optimized treatment of patients. Infection. 2017;45:737–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Allen U. Antifungal agents for the treatment of systemic fungal infections in children. Paediatr Child Health. 2010;15:603–15.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Egunsola O, Adefurin A, Fakis A, et al. Safety of fluconazole in paediatrics: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69:1211–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Shi C, Xiao Y, Mao Y, Wu J, Lin N. Voriconazole: a review of population pharmacokinetic analyses. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019;58:687–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Gastine S, Lehrnbecher T, Müller C, et al. Pharmacokinetic modeling of voriconazole to develop an alternative dosing regimen in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;62:e01194–17.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Espinoza N, Galdames J, Navea D, Farfán MJ, Salas C. Frequency of the CYP2C19*17 polymorphism in a Chilean population and its effect on voriconazole plasma concentration in immunocompromised children. Sci Rep. 2019;9:8863–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Allegra S, Fatiguso G, De Francia S, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole for treatment and prophylaxis of invasive fungal infection in children. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84:197–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Boast A, Curtis N, Cranswick N, Gwee A. Voriconazole dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring in children: experience from a paediatric tertiary care centre. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:2031–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis:2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:1–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ramos-Martín V, O’Connor O, Hope W. Clinical pharmacology of antifungal agents in pediatrics: children are not small adults. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2015;24:128–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lehrnbecher T. The clinical management of invasive mold infection in children with cancer or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17:489–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ramos JT, Romero CA, Belda S, et al. Fungal infection study Group of Spanish Society of Paediatric infectious disease (SEIP); Traslational research network in pediatric infectious diseases (RITIP). Clinical practice update of antifungal prophylaxis in immunocompromised children. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2019;32:410–25.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Vicenzi EB, Cesaro S. Posaconazole in immunocompromised pediatric patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2018;16:543–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhang T, Bai J, Huang M, et al. Posaconazole and fluconazole prophylaxis during induction therapy for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;1684(20):30165–1.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Maximova N, Schillani G, Simeone R, Maestro A, Zanon D. Comparison of efficacy and safety of caspofungin versus micafungin in pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: a retrospective analysis. Adv Ther. 2017;34:1184–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wasmann RE, Muilwijk EW, Burger DM, Verweij PE, Knibbe CA, Brüggemann RJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of micafungin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018;57:267–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kusuki S, Hashii Y, Yoshida H, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis with micafungin in patients treated for childhood cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;53:605–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Leverger G, Timsit JF, Milpied N, Gachot B. Use of micafungin for the prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infections in everyday pediatric care in France: results of the MYRIADE study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019;38:716–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Patil A, Majumdar S. Echinocandins in antifungal pharmacotherapy. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017;69:1635–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kara, T.T., Çiftçi, E., Arısoy, E.S. (2022). Antifungal Agents for Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections. In: Cingi, C., Arısoy, E.S., Bayar Muluk, N. (eds) Pediatric ENT Infections. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_85

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_85

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80690-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80691-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics