Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Principles of Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy and Antibacterial Agents for Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric ENT Infections

  • 1123 Accesses

Abstract

Anti-infective drugs include a broad spectrum of pharmaceutical agents divided into subclasses such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs [1]. This chapter mainly targets antibacterial agents and principles of the appropriate use of antimicrobial therapy in ear, nose, and throat infections. The identical principles might be applied to all or any kinds of infections in both youngsters and adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS. General principles of antimicrobial therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:156–67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Levison ME, Levison JH. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009;23:791–815.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Downes KJ, Hahn A, Wiles J. Dose optimisation of antibiotics in children: application of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in paediatrics. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;43:223–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Neely MN, Reed MD. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic basis of optimal antibiotic therapy. In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1478–98.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Eyler RF, Shvets K. Clinical pharmacology of antibiotics. CJASN. 2019;14:1080–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Owens RC Jr, Shorr AF. Rational dosing of antimicrobial agents: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic strategies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009;66(Suppl 4):S23–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Muller PY, Milton MN. The determination and interpretation of the therapeutic index in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012;11:751–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nemeth J, Oesch G, Kuster SP. Bacteriostatic versus bactericidal antibiotics for patients with serious bacterial infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:382–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bérdy J. Thoughts and facts about antibiotics: where we are now and where we are heading. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2012;65:385–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Donà D, Zingarella S, Gastaldi A, et al. Effects of clinical pathway implementation on antibiotic prescriptions for pediatric community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0193581.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Abadi ATB, Rizvanov AA, Haertlé T, Blatt NL. World Health Organization report: current crisis of antibiotic resistance. BioNanoScience. 2019;9:778–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. MacDougall C. Penicillins, cephalosporins, and other b-lactam antibiotics. In: Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC, editors. Goodman & Gilman’s: the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2017. p. 1023–38.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sauberan JB, Bradley JS. Antimicrobial agents. In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1499–531.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Magnet S, Blanchard JS. Molecular insights into aminoglycoside action and resistance. Chem Rev. 2005;105:477–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zuckerman JM, Qamar F, Bono BR. Review of macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin), ketolids (telithromycin) and glycylcyclines (tigecycline). Med Clin North Am. 2011;95:761–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jackson MA, Schutze GE. Committee on infectious diseases. The use of systemic and Topical Fluoroquinolones. Pediatrics. 2016;118:1287–92.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Food and Drug Administration. FDA resources page. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/97/transcpt/3349t1.pdf. Accessed 27 Sep 2020.

  18. Tatsumi H, Senda H, Yatera S, et al. Toxicological studies on pipemidic acid. V. Effect on diarthrodial joints of experimental animals. J Toxicol Sci. 1978;3:357–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gough A, Barsoum NJ, Mitchell L, et al. Juvenile canine drug-induced arthropathy: clinicopathological studies on articular lesions caused by oxolinic and pipemidic acids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1979;51:177–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Patterson DR. Quinolone toxicity: methods of assessment. Am J Med. 1991;91:35S–7S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sendzik J, Lode H, Stahlmann R. Quinolone-induced arthropathy: an update focusing on new mechanistic and clinical data. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33:194–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Brook I. Management of anaerobic infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2004;2:153–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mast Y, Wohlleben W. Streptogramins - two are better than one. Int J Med Microbiol. 2014;304:44–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hershberger E, Donabedian S, Konstantinou K, et al. Quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance in gram-positive bacteria: mechanism of resistance and epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:92–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bugg TD, Braddick D, Dowson CG, et al. Bacterial cell wall assembly: still an attractive antibacterial target. Trends Biotechnol. 2011;29:167–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fair RJ, Tor Y. Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. Perspect Med Chem. 2014;6:25–64.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Collins JJ. How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:423–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Nizet V, Arnold JC. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 715–23.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  29. Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:1279–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: Endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics External. Circulation. 2009;119:1541–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gewitz MH, Baltimore RS, Tani LY, et al. Revision of the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever in the era of Doppler echocardiography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association External. Circulation. 2015;131:1806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e964–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wald ER, Applegate CB, Bordley C, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children aged 1 to 18 years. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e262–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. MacDougall C, Chambers HF. Aminoglycosides. In: Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC, editors. Goodman & Gilman’s: the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2017. p. 1039–48.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Macy E. Penicillin and beta-lactam allergy: epidemiology and diagnosis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014;14(11):476.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gould IM, Bal AM. New antibiotic agents in the pipeline and how they can overcome microbial resistance. Virulence. 2013;4(2):185–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Wright GD. Something new: revisiting natural products in antibiotic drug discovery. Can J Microbiol. 2014;60:147–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sengupta S, Chattopadhyay MK, Grossart HP. The multifaceted roles of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in nature. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Michael CA, Dominey-Howes D, Labbate M. The antibiotic resistance crisis: causes, consequences, and management. Front Public Health. 2014;2:145.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Golkar Z, Bagazra O, Pace DG. Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8:129–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug resistance. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/index. Accessed 20 Sep 2020.

  42. Read AF, Woods RJ. Antibiotic resistance management. Evol Med Public Health. 2014;2014(1):147.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharm Therapeut. 2015;40:277–83.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gerber JS, Newland JG, Coffin SE, et al. Variability in antibiotic use at children’s hospitals. Pediatrics. 2016;126:1067–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ashiru-Oredope D, Hopkins S, English Surveillance Programme for Antimicrobial Utilization and Resistance Oversight Group. Antimicrobial stewardship: English surveillance programme for antimicrobial utilization and resistance (ESPAUR). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:2421–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Spyridis N, Syridou G, Goossens H, et al. Variation in paediatric hospital antibiotic guidelines in Europe. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101:72–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hersh AL, Shapiro DJ, Pavia AT, et al. Antibiotic prescribing in ambulatory pediatrics in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128:1053–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. McCaig LF, Besser RE, Hughes JM. Antimicrobial drug prescription in ambulatory care settings, United States, 1992–2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:432–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Levy ER, Swami S, Dubois SG, et al. Rates and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing at an academic children’s hospital, 2007–2010. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:346–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nash DR, Harman J, Wald ER, et al. Antibiotic prescribing by primary care physicians for children with upper respiratory tract infections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:1114–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Principi N, Esposito S. Antimicrobial stewardship in paediatrics. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):424.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Wald ER, DeMuri GP. Sinusitis. In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 230–4.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  53. Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, et al. IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:e72–e112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. American Academy of Pediatrics. Principles of appropriate use of antimicrobial therapy for upper respiratory tract ınfections. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, editors. Red Book: 2018 report of the committee on infectious diseases. 31st ed. Itasca: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018. p. 910–3.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Jacobs MR. Increasing antibiotic resistance among otitis media pathogens and their susceptibility to oral agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:S47–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Suzuki HG, Dewez JE, Nijman RG, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for acute otitis media in children: a systematic review and appraisal of European national guidelines. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e035343.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Pelton SL. Otitis media. In: Long SS, Prober CG, Fischer M, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 216–23.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İzmir Dr. Behçet Uz Children’s Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey

    İlker Devrim & Nuri Bayram

  2. Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Emin Sami Arısoy

Authors
  1. İlker Devrim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nuri Bayram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Emin Sami Arısoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Cemal Cingi

  2. Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey

    Emin Sami Arısoy

  3. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey

    Nuray Bayar Muluk

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Devrim, İ., Bayram, N., Arısoy, E.S. (2022). Principles of Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy and Antibacterial Agents for Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections. In: Cingi, C., Arısoy, E.S., Bayar Muluk, N. (eds) Pediatric ENT Infections. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_83

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_83

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80690-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80691-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation