Abstract
The subepithelial and submucosal lymphatic tissues extend from the Eustachian tube to the tongue root. These coalesce into individual masses in the oropharynx to form the tonsils. Waldeyer’s Lymphatic Ring is a collection of other pharyngeal lymphatic structures, including the anterior lingual tonsil (tonsilla lingualis), the upper lateral tubarian tonsils (tonsilla tubaria), the upper posterior pharyngeal tonsil (tonsilla pharyngea), and the lateral palatine tonsils (tonsilla palatina). Waldeyer first described this organization of lymphatics in 1884 [1, 2, 3].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wiatrak BJ, Woolley AL. Pharyngitis and adenotonsillar disease. In: Cummings CW, Flint PW, Harker LA, Haugey BH, Richardson MA, editors. Otolaryngology head and neck surgery. 3rd ed. St.Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book; 1998.
Resuli AS. A comparison of lucigenin-free oxygen radicals in reactive hyperplasia and recurrent tonsillitis. Phnx Med J. 2019;1(1):15–9.
Georinger GC, Vidic B. The embryogenesis and anatomy of waldeyer's ring. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 1987;20(2):207–17.
Kornblut AD. Non-neoplastic diseases of the tonsils and adenoids. In: Paparella MM, Shumich DA, editors. Otolaryngology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1991.
Brodsky L. Tonsillitis, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. In: Byron JB, editor. Head and neck surgery otolaryngology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott; 1998.
Arıncı K, Elhan A. Throat anatomy. In: Arıncı K, Elhan A, editors. Anatomy. 2nd ed. Ankara, Turkey: Günes Book House; 1987.
Richtsmeier WJ, Shikhani AH. The physiology and immunology of the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 1987;20(2):219–28.
Abdel-aziz M, El-Fouly M, Nassar AR, Kamel A. The effect of hypertrophied tonsils on the velopharyngeal function in children with normal palate. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;119:59–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.01.017.
Sapcı T, İspir F, Saydam B, Karavuş A, Ozbilen G, Akyol H, et al. Measurement of the distance between the tonsillar fossa and the arteria carotis interna by computed tomography. PTT Hospital Medical J. 2000;22(1):14–7.
Karatas E, Sapmaz E, Kurnaz B. Surgical anatomy of the Waldeyer lymphoid tissue. Turkey Clinics J ENT-Special Topics. 2012;5(4):43–7.
Potsic WP. Assessment and treatment of Adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992;13:259–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-0709(92)90046-V.
Ballenger JJ. Oropharynx diseases. In: Ballenger JJ, Snow JB, editors. Otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery. 16th ed. Shelton, CT: PMPH; 2002.
Bandyopadhyay A, Muston H, Slaven JE, et al. Endoscopic airway findings in infants with obstructive sleep apnea. J Pulm Respir Med. 2018;8:1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-105X.1000448.
Lind MG, Lundell BP. Tonsillar hyperplasia in children. A cause of obstructive sleep apneas, CO, retention, and retarded growth. Arch Otolaryngol. 1982;108:650–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1982.00790580044015.
Brodsky L. Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids. Pediatr Clin North America. 1989;36:1551–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(16)36806-7.
Scher AE, Shprintzen RJ, Thorpy MJ. Endoscopic observations of obstructive sleep apnea in children with anomalous upper airways: predictive and therapeutic value. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1986;11:135–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(86)80008-8.
Mlynarek A, Tewfik MA, Hagr A, et al. Lateral neck radiography versus direct video Rhinoscopy in assessing adenoid size. J Otolaryngol. 2004;33(6):360–5. https://doi.org/10.2310/7070.2004.03074.
Shigemoto S, Shigeta Y, Nejima J, et al. Diagnosis and treatment for obstructive sleep apnea: fundamental and clinical knowledge in obstructive sleep apnea. J Prosthodont Res. 2015;59(3:161–71.
Frank Y, Kravath RE, Pollak CP. Obstructive sleep apnea and its therapy: clinical and polysomnographic manifestations. Pediatrics. 1983;71:737–42.
Leach JL, Olson J, Hermann J, Manning S. Polysomnographic and clinical findings in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:741–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1992.01880070071013.
Gislason T, Benediktsdóttir B. Snoring, apneic episodes, and nocturnal hipoxemia among children 6 months to 6 years old: an epidemiologic study of lower limit of prevalence. Chest. 1995;107:963–6. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.107.4.963.
Carrol JL, others. Inability of clinical history to distinguish primary snoring from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Chest. 1995;108:610–8. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.108.3.610.
Weider DJ, Sateia MJ, West RP. Nocturnal enurezis in children with upper airway obstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;105:427–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/019459989110500314.
Arens R, Marcus CL. Pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction: a developmental perspective. Sleep. 2004;27(5):997–1019. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.5.997.
Harding SM. Prediction formulae for sleep-disordered breathing. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2001;15(4):670–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/00063198-200111000-00003.
Parinen M, Telakivi T. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 1992;15(6):S1–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/15.suppl_6.S1.
Mitchell RB. Sleep-disordered breathing in children: are we underestimating the problem? Eur Respir J. 2005;25(2):216–7. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00124704.
Kotagal S. Childhood obstructive sleep apnea. BMJ. 2005;330:978–9.
Quabbe H, Schilling E, Helge H. Patern of growth hormone secretion during 24 hour fast in normal adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;26:1173–7. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-26-10-1173.
Bar A, Tarasuik A, Segev Y, Philip M, Tal A. The effect of adenotonsillectomy on serum insu- lin-like growth factor-I and growth in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Pediatr. 1999;135(1):76–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70331-8.
Stradling JR, Thomas G, Warley ARH, Williams P, Freeland A. Effect of adenotonsillectomy on nocturnal hypoxaemia, sleep disturbance, and symptons in snoring children. Lancet. 1990;335:249–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)90068-g.
Gorur K, Unal M, Ozcan C, Vayısoglu Y. The effects of chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy on height and weight development in children. Turkish Otol and Head Neck Surg J. 2000;8(3):182–6.
Sridhar MR. A clinical study to determine the effects of adenoidectomy in cases of secretory otitis media in school going children. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;4(6):1–4. https://doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20184180.
Brodsky L, Adler E, Stanievich JF. Naso- and oropharyngeal dimensions in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1989;17:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-5876(89)90288-7.
Brodsky L, Moore L, Stanievich JF. A comparison of tonsillar size and oropharyngeal dimensions in children with obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Ped Otorhinolaryngol. 1987;13:149–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-5876(87)90091-7.
Brodsky L, Moore L, Stanievich JF, Ogra PL. The immunology of tonsils in children: the effect of bacterial load on the presence of B- and T-cell subsets. Laryngoscope. 1988;98:93–8. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198801000-00019.
Brodsky L, Moore L, Stanievich JF. The role of Haemophilus infiuenzae in the pathogenesis of tonsillar hypertrophy in children. Laryngoscope. 1988;98:1055.
Aka S, Ozker BY, Demiralay E, Canbay İE. Role of Ebstein-Barr virus in children with tonsillar hypertrophy. Turk Arch Ped. 2013;48:30–4. https://doi.org/10.4274/tpa.963.
Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, et al. Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. New Engl J Med. 1984;310:674–83.
Mitchell R, Archer SM, Ishman SL, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160(1S):S1–S42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818801757.
Yazkan FO. Approach to Tonsilla palatine and its nonneoplastic diseases. Med J SDU. 2017;24(4):198–208. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.298817.
Klug ET. Peritonsillar abscess: clinical aspects of microbiology, risk factors, and the association with parapharyngeal abscess. Dan Med J. 2017;64(3):B5333.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Düzer, S., Susaman, N., Winkler, A.A. (2022). Tonsillar Hypertrophy in Childhood. In: Cingi, C., Arısoy, E.S., Bayar Muluk, N. (eds) Pediatric ENT Infections. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80690-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80691-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)