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Nanoscale Smart Drug Delivery Systems and Techniques of Drug Loading to Nanoarchitectures

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Emerging Nanomaterials for Advanced Technologies

Part of the book series: Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences ((NALIS))

Abstract

Conventional drug delivery systems suffer from less therapeutic efficiency with adverse side effects and poor specificity in action. The progression of nanoscale drug delivery systems leads to better transport, controlled delivery, and site-specific action of drugs than conventional drug delivery systems, so nano-based drug delivery systems are better option for the diagnosis and therapy of many diseases. These nanosize drug delivery systems may be organic, inorganic, or hybrid in nature. The organic nanocarriers are polymeric micelles, vesicles, nanoliposomes, dendrimer, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanogels, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphene, etc. The inorganic nanocarriers are quantum dots, gold and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), etc. Many advanced strategies for controlled drug release and drug loading to nanocarriers have been developed. Controlled drug release at target site can be attained either by spontaneous diffusion or by applying proper stimulus. For stimulus-responsive drug release, the stimulus may be internal or external. Physical (temperature, light, ultrasonic vibrations, magnetic field, ionic strength), chemical (redox, pH), and biological stimulus (enzymes) are generally used for controlled drug release at target site. Based on the nature of nanocarriers, there is a wide choice of principles and procedures followed to load drugs to these nanostructures. Basically, drug molecules are loaded to nanocarriers by encapsulation or entrapment techniques via covalent or non-covalent bonds. Thus, improved site-specific action and optimum rate of drug release from nano drug carriers have made numerous applications almost in every division of medicine especially oncology, immunology, pulmonary medicine, orthopedics, neurology, dentistry, ophthalmology, etc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

    B. Varalakshmi & T. Karpagam

  2. Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Genetics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    A. Vijaya Anand

  3. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea

    B. Balamuralikrishnan

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  1. B. Varalakshmi
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  2. T. Karpagam
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  3. A. Vijaya Anand
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  4. B. Balamuralikrishnan
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa

    Anand Krishnan

  2. Department of Environment Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Korea (Republic of)

    Balasubramani Ravindran

  3. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)

    Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian

  4. Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

    Hendrik C. Swart

  5. School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Sarojini Jeeva Panchu

  6. Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University/ Bihar, Motihari, Bihar, India

    Ram Prasad

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Varalakshmi, B., Karpagam, T., Anand, A.V., Balamuralikrishnan, B. (2022). Nanoscale Smart Drug Delivery Systems and Techniques of Drug Loading to Nanoarchitectures. In: Krishnan, A., Ravindran, B., Balasubramanian, B., Swart, H.C., Panchu, S.J., Prasad, R. (eds) Emerging Nanomaterials for Advanced Technologies. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80371-1_2

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