Skip to main content

The Geography of the Digital Freelance Economy in Russia and Beyond

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Topologies of Digital Work

Part of the book series: Dynamics of Virtual Work ((DVW))

Abstract

The advent of information and communication technologies has fuelled the digital freelance economy with millions of independent contractors (freelancers) from all over the world, working for distant clients through online labour platforms. This chapter observes how the Russian language and specific socio-economic factors facilitate a distinct online labour market that operates across the vast territory of the former Soviet Union and beyond. The data from a leading Russian-language online labour platform shed light on the complex geography of the digital freelance economy in Russia, and reveal some important trends over an almost fifteen-year period. The study contributes to the emerging literature on the geography of digital labour in the globalising world.

The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project number 20-011-00587.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agrawal, A. K., Lacetera, N., & Lyons, E. (2013). Does information help or hinder job applicants from less developed countries in online markets? (NBER Working Paper No. 18720). National Bureau of Economic Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, A., Horton, J., Lacetera, N., & Lyons, E. (2015). Digitization and the contract labor market: A research agenda. In A. Goldfarb, S. M. Greenstein, & C. E. Tucker (Eds.), Economic analysis of the digital economy (pp. 219–256). UCP.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aguinis, H., & Lawal, S. O. (2013). eLancing: A review and research agenda for bridging the science–practice gap. Human Resource Management Review, 23, 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.06.003

  • Aleksynska, M., Bastrakova, A., & Kharchenko, N. (2018). Work on digital labour platforms in Ukraine: Issues and policy perspectives. International Labour Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aneesh, A. (2006). Virtual migration: The programming of globalization. Duke University.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Aref’ev, A. L. (2014). The Russian language in the world: Past, present, and future. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 84, 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331614050050

  • Bailey, D. E., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beerepoot, N., & Lambregts, B. (2015). Competition in online job marketplaces: Towards a global labour market for outsourcing services? Global Networks, 15, 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, J., Furrer, M., Harmon, E., Rani, U., & Silberman, S. S. (2018). Digital labour platforms and the future of work: Towards decent work in the online world (Resource document). International Labour Office. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_645337/lang--en/index.htm. Accessed 21 February 2021.

  • Blinder, A. S. (2006). Offshoring: The next industrial revolution? Foreign Affairs, 85, 113–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairncross, F. (2001). The death of distance: How the communications revolution is changing our lives. HBSP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmel, E., Hou, C. Q., & Olsen, T. (2012). The human cloud in China: An early inquiry and analysis. In Proceedings of the Annual Workshop of the AIS Special Interest Group for ICT in Global Development, USA, 5. https://aisel.aisnet.org/globdev2012/7/.

  • Chepurenko, A. (2015). Entrepreneurial activity under ‘transition.’ In R. Blackburn, U. Hytti, & F. Welter (Eds.), Context, process and gender in entrepreneurship: Frontiers in European entrepreneurship research (pp. 6–22). Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheskin, A., & Kachuyevski, A. (2019). The Russian-Speaking populations in the post-Soviet space: Language, politics and identity. Europe-Asia Studies, 71, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1529467

  • Codagnone, C., Karatzogianni, A., & Matthews, J. (2018). Platform economics: Rhetoric and reality in the “sharing economy”. Emerald.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, T. L. (2007). The world is flat 3.0: A brief history of the twenty-first century. Picador.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galperin, H., & Greppi, C. (2019). Geographic discrimination in the gig economy. In M. Graham (Ed.), Digital economies at global margins (pp. 295–318). MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gefen, D., & Carmel, E. (2008). Is the world really flat? A look at offshoring at an online programming marketplace. MIS Quarterly, 32, 367–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghani, E., Kerr, W. R., & Stanton, C. (2014). Diasporas and outsourcing: Evidence from oDesk and India. Management Science, 60, 1677–1697. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, M., & Anwar, M. A. (2019). The global gig economy: Towards a planetary labour market? First Monday, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i4.9913.

  • Graham, M., Hjorth, I., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2017). Digital labour and development: Impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 23, 135–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916687250.

  • Hong, Y., & Pavlou, P. A. (2013). Online labor markets: An informal freelancer economy (IBIT report). Institute for Business and Information Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, Y., & Pavlou, P. A. (2017). On buyer selection of service providers in online outsourcing platforms for IT services. Information Systems Research, 28, 547–562. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, J. J. (2010). Online labor markets. In A. Saberi (Ed.), Internet and network economics (pp. 515–522). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, J. J., & Tambe, P. (2015). Labor economists get their microscope: Big data and labor market analysis. Big Data, 3(3), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1089/big.2015.0017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, J., Kerr, W. R., & Stanton, C. (2017). Digital labor markets and global talent flows (NBER Working Paper No. 23398). Link to resource document. National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w23398. Accessed 21 February 2021.

  • Huws, U. (2017). Where did online platforms come from? The virtualization of work organization and the new policy challenges it raises. In P. Meil & V. Kirov (Eds.), Policy implications of virtual work (pp. 29–48). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Internet World Stats. (2019). Top Ten internet languages in the world. Miniwatts Marketing Group. https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm. Accessed 21 February 2021.

  • Kalleberg, A. L., & Dunn, M. (2016). Good jobs, bad jobs in the gig economy. Perspectives on Work, 20(1), 10–13, 74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanat, I., Hong, Y., & Raghu, T. S. (2018). Surviving in global online labor markets for IT services: A geo-economic analysis. Information Systems Research, 29, 893–909. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kässi, O., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Online labour index: Measuring the online gig economy for policy and research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 137(12), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuek, S. C., Paradi-Guilford, C., Fayomi, T., Imaizumi, C., Ipeirotis, P., Pina, P., et al. (2015). The global opportunity in online outsourcing (Resource document). The World Bank. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/6/212201433273511482/Global-OO-Study.pdf. Accessed 21 February 2021.

  • Lazer, D., & Radford, J. (2017). Data ex machina: Introduction to big data. Annual Review of Sociology, 43(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehdonvirta, V. (2017). Where are online workers located? The international division of digital gig work. Oxford Internet Institute. https://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/where-are-online-workers-located-the-international-division-of-digital-gig-work/. Accessed 21 February 2021.

  • Lehdonvirta, V., Kässi, O., Hjorth, I., Barnard, H., & Graham, M. (2019). The global platform economy: A new offshoring institution enabling emerging-economy microproviders. Journal of Management, 45, 567–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318786781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malone, T. W., & Laubacher, R. J. (1998). The dawn of the e-lance economy. Harvard Business Review, 76(5), 144–152, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, T. W., Laubacher, R. J., & Johns, T. (2011). The big idea: The age of hyperspecialization. Harvard Business Review, 89(4), 56–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markevich, A., & Mikhailova, T. N. (2013). Economic geography of Russia. In M. Alexeev & S. Weber (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the Russian economy (pp. 617–642). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messenger, J. C., & Gschwind, L. (2016). Three generations of telework: New ICTs and the (r)evolution from home office to virtual office. New Technology, Work and Employment, 31, 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mustajoki, A., Protassova, E., & Yelenevskaya, M. (2019). The soft power of the Russian language: Pluricentricity, politics and policies. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nicklin, J. M., Cerasoli, C. P., & Dydyn, K. L. (2016). Telecommuting: What? Why? When? and How? In J. Lee (Ed.), The impact of ICT on work (pp. 41–70). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Roach, S. (2004). How global labour arbitrage will shape the world economy (Resource document). Hussonet. http://ecocritique.free.fr/roachglo.pdf. Accessed 21 Feb 2021.

  • Salganik, M. J. (2018). Bit by bit: Social research in the digital age. Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shevchuk, A., & Strebkov, D. (2015). The rise of freelance contracting on the Russian-language internet. Small Enterprise Research, 22, 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2015.1052341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • To, W.-M., & Lai, L. S. L. (2015). Crowdsourcing in China: Opportunities and concerns. IT Professional, 17(3), 53–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrey Shevchuk .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Shevchuk, A., Strebkov, D., Tyulyupo, A. (2021). The Geography of the Digital Freelance Economy in Russia and Beyond. In: Will-Zocholl, M., Roth-Ebner, C. (eds) Topologies of Digital Work. Dynamics of Virtual Work. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80327-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80327-8_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80326-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80327-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics