Lawyers Providing Legal Aid in Print: Legal Question and Answer Columns in Finnish Newspapers Around 1900

Korpiola, Mia

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80271-4_7

Lawyers Providing Legal Aid in Print: Legal Question and Answer Columns in Finnish Newspapers Around 1900

Mia Korpiola⁵

Chapter
First Online: 12 January 2022

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Part of the World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence book series (WHCCV)

Abstract

This chapter analyses legal question and answer columns in Finnish newspapers during the period 1890–1910. Such columns are a largely neglected part of popular legal aid. This chapter investigates the development of such columns from the perspective of newspapers, inquirers, and experts. Legal reforms between 1860 and 1910 changed Finnish law greatly and expanded step by step the duties of communes in local government. This meant that many new individuals were elected and nominated as representatives in local administrative organs, creating a pent-up need for legal advice and learning. Simultaneously, Finnish, the language of a huge majority of the population, became an official administrative and judicial language. Finnish-language newspapers were established, attempting to interact with readers and educate them. Legal question and answer columns in newspapers began spontaneously with random questions from the public, answered by newspaper editors or referred to experts. Quickly, some newspapers created regular columns. These provided readers around the country access to inexpensive legal expertise and the possibility of consulting distant experts. Such columns not only advised and aided individual inquirers but also disseminated legal knowledge far beyond to a new nation.

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Notes

1.
This research has been conducted as part of the project “Legal Literacy in Finland ca. 1750-1920: A Case of Popular Legal Learning in Premodern Europe” (LegalLiFin, nr. 309055), generously funded by the Academy of Finland, acknowledged with many thanks. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge the very useful comments and suggestions of the editors of this book on a previous version of this chapter. I would also like to thank Marianne Vasara-Aaltonen for her literature hints and the participants of the conference “The History of Legal Aid in the Premodern and Modern World,” 18–19 March 2019, arranged at the Faculty of Law of the University of Turku (Finland), for the feedback and discussions.
2.
See, for example, Marianne Vasara-Aaltonen’s chapter in this book; Aura, 7 Sept. 1893, pp. 1–2.
3.
For example, Pihlajamäki (2011), pp. 387–394.
4.
Heritage and Sefi (1992), p. 368. For legal Q&A columns as legal aid, for example, Nousiainen (1980); Vasara-Aaltonen (2020).
5.
Leppänen (1998), p. 209.
6.
For the rest of the world, see, for example, Bradley (2014), pp. 888–911; Black (2013); Michelson (2008), pp. 43–71. For Finland, Nousiainen (1980), esp. pp. 1, 73–129—on the history of legal Q&A columns, pp. 75–80; Landqvist (2010), p. 51.
7.
Locher (2006), p. 1.
8.
Tyynilä (2010), p. 138.
9.
For example, Björne (1998), pp. 227–228; Björne (2002), p. 207; Korpiola (2019), esp. pp. 173–175. Some were published by the Finnish Literature Society. Finnish translations of the Law of 1734 appeared in 1865 (second ed. 1867) and 1877 (second ed. 1885), Swedish–Finnish dictionaries on administrative and legal terminology in 1866 and 1883, while Johan Philip Palmén’s legal handbook for the education of everyman appeared in 1863, Sulkunen (2004), pp. 303–305.
10.
For example, Sulkunen (2004), esp. pp. 17–34; Liikanen (1995), pp. 88–97.
11.
For example, Sulkunen (2004), esp. pp. 17–34.
12.
For example, Liikanen (1995), pp. 160–165; Sulkunen (2004), esp. pp. 121–129, 137–141, 169–179; Landqvist (2010), pp. 44–46; Tyynilä (2010), esp. pp. 142–145; Nieminen (1946), pp. 45–80, 306–344.
13.
For example, Kekkonen (1987); Ahmas (2005).
14.
See, esp., Nieminen (2006), pp. 84–163.
15.
On this, see, for example, Liikanen (1995), pp. 151–158, 160–169; Mäkinen (2009a), pp. 73–150; Mäkinen (2009b), pp. 151–213.
16.
For example, Sulkunen (2004), esp. pp. 17–34; Inkilä (1960), esp. pp. 7–39; Liikanen (1995), pp. 166–174.
17.
For example, Vares (2000); Nieminen (2006), esp. pp. 110–120, 124–125; Rytkönen (1940); Rytkönen (1949), pp. 141–175; Paaskoski (2002), esp. p. 63; Vesikansa (1997), pp. 54–70, 106–114.
18.
Tommila (1988), pp. 200–201. See also Louhivuori (1940), pp. 85–87.
19.
Nieminen (1946), pp. 231–240; Tommila (1988), pp. 200–201; Vesikansa (1997), pp. 44–45, 87.
20.
Louhivuori (1940), pp. 56–117; Tommila (1988), here esp. pp. 124–129, 156–171; Tommila (1963), esp. pp. 145–257; Vesikansa (1997), pp. 16–83; Stark (2016), pp. 42–43; Tommila (1970), p. 167.
21.
For example, Liikanen (1995), esp. pp. 177–194, 205–275; Kinnunen (1982), pp. 58–68.
22.
For example, Pietilä (2008), 1:127–133; Stark (2013), pp. 145–177.
23.
Pietilä (2008), 1:88.
24.
For example, Uusi Suometar, 12 May 1884, p. 3.
25.
For example, Tommila (1988), pp. 201–204; Tommila (1970), pp. 122–123; Stark (2016), pp. 41, 47–48; Stark (2013), pp. 146–147, 157–158; Töyry (2005), pp. 194–196. See also, for example, Suometar, 17 Aug. 1865, p. 4; Keski-Suomi, 20 July 1872, p. 4; Suomenlehti, 13 Aug. 1872, p. 2; Sanomia Turusta, 4 Apr. 1873, p. 2; Oulun Wiikko-Sanomia, 24 Feb. 1877, p. 3.
26.
For example, Sanomia Turusta, 12 Jan. 1882, p. 3; Töyry (2005), pp. 192–197.
27.
For example, Savo, 9 Mar. 1883, p. 3; ibid., 5 Aug. 1881, p. 3; Suomalainen, 11 Apr. 1892, p. 2.
28.
Tommila (1963), p. 39; Vesikansa (1997), p. 45.
29.
Töyry (2005), p. 289.
30.
For example, Landgren (1988), pp. 384–388.
31.
Päivälehti had been established in 1889, and it started to appear regularly six times a week in 1890. The journal was permanently shut down by censorship in 1904, Suomen lehdistön historia 6 (1988), p. 285.
32.
Päivälehti, 13 Jan. 1892, p. 2.
33.
Päivälehti, 5 Dec. 1890, p. 3; ibid., 3 Jan. 1891, p. 2.
34.
Sappinen (1979), pp. 328–330.
35.
Tommila (1970), pp. 184–189; Rapila (1986), pp. 63, 122; Landgren (1988), pp. 396–397. On legal policy in causeries, see also Pietilä (2008), 1:585–586, 2:585–586.
36.
The first appears to have been published in Keski-Suomi, 30 Jan. 1878, p. 1 and the last two I am aware of appeared in ibid., 23 Apr. 1881, p. 1. For questions from the public, see, for example, ibid., 7 May 1881, p. 1.
37.
Forsström (2007), p. 498.
38.
Tommila (1970), pp. 108–127.
39.
Rauman Lehti, 21 Jan. 1882, p. 4.
40.
Aamulehti, 21 Feb. 1884, p. 2. On the paper’s early history, see Arajärvi (1956), esp. pp. 35–81.
41.
Hämeen Sanomat, 27 Oct. 1894, p. 3.
42.
Uusi Suometar, 6 Sept. 1884, p. 3.
43.
Uusi Suometar, 4 Nov. 1887, p. 4.
44.
Uusi Suometar, 28 Mar. 1890, p. 4.
45.
Uusi Suometar, 14 Jan. 1891, p. 4; ibid., 17 Feb. 1891, p. 4, and ibid., 25 Feb. 1891, p. 4.
46.
Uusi Suometar, 25 Feb. 1892, p. 4.
47.
Uusi Suometar, 5 Feb. 1892, p. 4.
48.
Uusi Suometar, 22 Mar. 1892, pp. 3–4.
49.
Aura, 16 Mar. 1887, p. 1.
50.
Wiipuri, a regional Carelian newspaper, was established in 1893 to compete with the more liberal newspaper Viipurin Sanomat. It appeared six times a week in the town and twice in the countryside, Suomen lehdistön historia 7 (1988), pp. 273–274. This position may have induced Wiipuri to use, for example, its legal “Questions and Answers” column as a means of competing with its bigger rival. Moreover, the new newspaper had to find readers in its first years: in 1894, its distribution was 2000; in 1895, 1913; and in 1896, 3500 while the trend continued up, Suomen lehdistön historia 7 (1988), p. 274.
51.
Turun Sanomat was established in 1904 and started to appear regularly in 1905. It was established as a liberal alternative to compete with its older conservative rival, Kalpa (1984), esp. pp. 27–62; Ekman-Salokangas (1979), pp. 253–258, 262–263; Suomen lehdistön historia 7 (1988), p. 141. In 1905, its circulation was 5000 to reach 8000 five years later, ibid., p. 143.
52.
For example, Wiipuri, 21 Mar. 1896, p. 3; Turun Sanomat, 29 Dec. 1907, p. 3.
53.
Päivälehti, 22 Dec. 1890, p. 1. Hitherto, I have only found four questions and answers: Päivälehti, 25 Jan. 1891, p. 4 [unnumbered 1–2]; ibid., 6 Feb. 1891, p. 4 [questions 3–4]; Rytkönen (1946), p. 112.
54.
Unnumbered: Päivälehti, 20 Jan. 1892, p. 4 and 3 Mar. 1892, p. 4; numbered ibid., 16 Mar. 1892, p. 4.
55.
Päivälehti, 5 Jan. 1893, p. 4; ibid., 25 Feb. 1893, p. 4.
56.
For example, Päivälehti, 9 Apr. 1893, p. 4; ibid., 22 Apr. 1893, p. 3; ibid., 15 June 1893, p. 4; ibid., 6 Oct. 1893, p. 4; ibid., 7 Oct. 1893, p. 4. Cf. ibid., 15 June 1893, p. 4.
57.
Päivälehti, 20 Jan. 1892, p. 4.
58.
Suomen lehdistön historia 6 (1988), pp. 359–360; Kinnunen (1982), pp. 156–161.
59.
Uusi Savo, 24 Feb. 1891, p. 3; ibid., 2 July 1891, p. 3.
60.
Uusi Savo, 27 Apr. 1893, p. 4; ibid., 23 May 1893, p. 3; ibid., 14 Oct. 1893, p. 3; ibid., 31 Oct. 1893, p. 4; ibid., 23 Dec. 1893, p. 4.
61.
Uusi Savo, 1 Feb. 1894, p. 4; ibid., 3 July 1894, p. 4; ibid., 14 July 1894, p. 3; ibid., 28 Aug. 1894, p. 3; ibid., 13 Sept. 1894, p. 3.
62.
Suomen lehdistön historia 6 (1988), pp. 359–360.
63.
Uusi Savo, 20 Mar. 1897, p. 3; ibid., 15 Oct. 1898, p. 3.
64.
Helsingin Sanomat, 10 Jan. 1905, p. 4; ibid., 21 Jan. 1905, p. 4; ibid., 7 Feb. 1905, p. 5; ibid., 10 Feb. 1905, p. 5; ibid., 11 Feb. 1905, p. 5.
65.
Turun Sanomat, 29 Dec. 1907, p. 3.
66.
The index of the issues of Helsingin Sanomat in which Ståhlberg answered questions in 1909, listed by Laurila (1940), p. 305.
67.
Vasara-Aaltonen (2019), pp. 52–54; Työ, 4 Feb. 1913, p. 3.
68.
Työmies, 3 Apr. 1913, p. 4.
69.
Työ, 10 Feb. 1914, p. 3; ibid., 3 June 1914, p. 5.
70.
For example, Opettajain Lehti: kansanopetusta käsittelevä kuvallinen viikkolehti 1907:2, p. 22; ibid., 1907:51, p. 510.
71.
Kurikka 1913:14, p. 7.
72.
For example, Kurikka, 1913:15, pp. 6, 11; ibid., 1913:19, p. 5.
73.
Helsingin Sanomat, 10 Jan. 1905, p. 4.
74.
Pellervo 1889:0, p. 2.
75.
Pellervo 1902:12, pp. 389–391; ibid., 1904:3, p. 88.
76.
The names of the experts were listed in an advertisement in Laatokka, 5 Jan. 1911, p. 4.
77.
Wiipuri, 12 Apr. 1896, p. 2.
78.
For example, Wiipurin Sanomat, 30 Dec. 1892, p. 1. On Zitting, see Finlands jurister år 1898 (1898), p. 116.
79.
Suomen lehdistön historia 7 (1988), p. 141; Turun Sanomat, 15 Feb. 1914, p. 5; ibid., 20 May 1914, p. 5; ibid., 28 Nov. 1914, p. 6; ibid., 11 Feb. 1915, p. 4; ibid., 16 July 1915, p. 7.
80.
For example, Uusi Suometar, 21 Dec. 1913, pp. 11–12; ibid., 25 Jan. 1914, pp. 8–9; ibid., 5 Mar. 1914, p. 6; ibid., 30 Apr. 1914, p. 5; ibid., 23 July 1915, p. 4; ibid., 1 Dec. 1915, p. 6; ibid., 8 Mar. 1916, pp. 4–5; Kekkonen (2003), pp. 112–113.
81.
The only time W.S. answered a question was in Työ, 6 Mar. 1914, p. 5.
82.
R.J. is not included in the list of Finnish literary pseudonyms, see Hirvonen (2000). In addition to Sarkanen, lawyers who advertised regularly on the front page of Työ (e.g. Työ, 13 Feb. 1914, p. 1; ibid., 3 June 1914, p. 1) were Eino Nyyssölä (orig. Eino Stenlund, 1877–1937), Otto Tanner (orig. Otto Evonen, 1872–1928), and Martti Pitkänen (1883–1946). All were experienced advocates.
83.
For example, Opettajain Lehti 1907:6, p. 63; ibid., 1907:51, p. 510. It is unlikely that Kaarlo Ahtiala (1867–1949), one of the two editors, was answering the questions as his whole name was Kaarlo Evert Ahtiala.
84.
The identity is not mentioned, for example, in the long feature article on the newspaper’s history, Laatokka, 30 Nov. 1911, p. 2.
85.
Rytkönen (1946), pp. 418–422; Jensen-Eriksen and Kuorelahti (2017), pp. 24–27, 33.
86.
Nieminen (1946), pp. 36–37, 300–301, 304–305: F. Forsström, Jaakko Forsman, Wilhelm Lavonius and Johan Kristian Svanljung, author of the “Evening Causeries” of Keski-Suomi.
87.
Kinnunen (1982), p. 203: these were, for example, the lawyers Ukko Andersin, L. Guseff, A.W. Gyldén, J. Kyander, and T. Könönen.
88.
Työmies, 3 Apr. 1913, p. 4.
89.
Tommila (1963), p. 39; Vesikansa (1997), pp. 45, 88, 113, 136–137.
90.
Jensen-Eriksen and Kuorelahti (2017), p. 45; Rytkönen (1946), pp. 56–61; Vesikansa (1997), pp. 120–122, 136.
91.
For example, Wiipuri, 21 Mar. 1896, pp. 2–3; Holmberg (1929), pp. 51–52; Uusi Aura, 2 Apr. 1924, p. 2; Aikalaiskirja (1933), p. 186.
92.
Hanski (2005), pp. 704–705; Kalpa (1984), pp. 63–75.
93.
Blomqvist (1969), esp. pp. 58–383. On Ståhlberg’s legal career and thinking, Inha (2004), esp. pp. 12–68.
94.
Blomqvist (1969), esp. pp. 16–19, 37–258; Vares (2000), esp. pp. 77–79, 149–193.
95.
Blomqvist (1969), pp. 47, 67, 74–78, 162–164.
96.
Ståhlberg (1912).
97.
For example, Holmberg (1929), pp. 146–147.
98.
Esp. Inha (2004), pp. 251–253; Holmberg (1929), p. 147. E.J. Ahla, who managed the legal Q&A column of Uusi Suometar, also wrote frequently legal articles, Kekkonen (2003), p. 112.
99.
Blomqvist (1969), pp. 45–47, 162–164; Kertomus Helsingin kaupungin kunnallishallinnosta 1903 (1907), Työväenasiain lautakunta XII:2–3; Kertomus Helsingin kaupungin kunnallishallinnosta 1913 (1914), Työväenasiain lautakunta XV, pp. 414–415; Vasara-Aaltonen (2019), p. 52.
100.
Holmberg (1929), p. 147; Inkilä (1960), pp. 112, 114, 294.
101.
Black (2013).
102.
Locher (2006), pp. 46, 153.
103.
Cf. Locher (2006), pp. 1–2; Päivälehti, 1 Aug. 1893, p. 2.
104.
Sociolinguistic research has observed that advice-asking can take the form, for example, of direct questions, proposing courses of action or “detailing untoward states of affairs,” for example, Heritage and Sefi (1992), pp. 370–376; Leppänen (1998), pp. 214–216, quotation p. 216. Advice-giving may include suggesting action in the imperative or modal (should/should not) form or by proposing something as requested/allowable alternatives or descriptions of advice-seekers’ future actions, for example, Heritage and Sefi (1992), p. 410; Leppänen (1998), pp. 223–225. See also Locher (2006), pp. 21–49.
105.
Ståhlberg (1912).
106.
Nousiainen (1980), p. 91.
107.
Työ, 13 Feb. 1914, p. 3; ibid., 3 June 1914, p. 5.
108.
Työ, 9 Feb. 1914, p. 5; ibid., 3 June. 1914, p. 5; ibid., 17 Apr. 1914, p. 4; ibid., 10 Feb. 1914, p. 3.
109.
The questions related to land were Työ, 13 Feb. 1914, p. 4; ibid., 6 Mar. 1914, p. 5; ibid., 23 Apr. 1914, p. 4; workers were Työ, 10 Feb. 1914, p. 3; ibid., 9 Mar. 1914, p. 5; ibid., 7 May 1914; municipal taxes and duties, Työ, 10 Feb. 1914, p. 3; ibid., 24 Feb. 1914, p. 4; ibid., 6 Mar. 1914, p. 5; ibid., 9 Mar. 1914, p. 5; ibid., 2 Apr. 1914, p. 3; ibid., 23 Apr. 1914, p. 4.
110.
Turun Sanomat, 29 Dec. 1907, p. 3.
111.
Laatokka, 5 Jan. 1911, p. 4.
112.
Blomqvist (1969), pp. 104–105, 161, 240.
113.
Ståhlberg (1912), p. 3.
114.
For the Chicago Defender, see Black (2013), esp. pp. 899–907.
115.
An inquirer actually complained to the newspaper that the question(s) had not been answered and that receiving the advice took too long, Uusi Suometar, 7 Feb. 1889, p. 4.
116.
For example, Helsingin Sanomat, 17 June 1909, p. 7.
117.
For example, Helsingin Sanomat, 12 May 1909, p. 7.
118.
Nom-de-plume “Ura,” “Keski-Suomi kaupanpäälliseksi: Pieni muistelma,” Keski-Suomi, 19 Nov. 1911, p. 4; Tommila (1970), p. 119.
119.
Stark (2013), pp. 159–171.
120.
Työ, 3 June 1914, p. 5.
121.
For example, Foster (1887), p. 524.
122.
Päivälehti, 13 Mar. 1892, p. 4.
123.
Päivälehti, 26 Oct. 1892, p. 4.
124.
Päivälehti, 2 June 1892, p. 4.
125.
Keski-Suomi, 29 Mar. 1892, p. 3.
126.
Suomalainen, 11 Apr. 1892, p. 2.
127.
Keski-Suomi, 12 Apr. 1892, p. 2.
128.
Keski-Suomi, 17 Sept. 1892, p. 2; ibid., 1 Oct. 1892, pp. 3–4; ibid., 22 Oct. 1892, p. 2. Also, ibid., 7 June 1892, p. 2.
129.
Keski-Suomi, 15 Sept. 1892, p. 3; ibid., 27 Sept. 1892, p. 3; ibid., 12 Nov. 1892, p. 2. See also ibid., 2 Jan. 1892, p. 4.
130.
For example, Rytkönen (1940), esp. pp. 179–251; Landgren (1988), pp. 319–342; Leino-Kaukiainen (1988), pp. 462–498; Vesikansa (1997), pp. 106–113; Jensen-Eriksen and Kuorelahti (2017), pp. 15–40; Paaskoski (2002), pp. 58–66.
131.
Leino-Kaukiainen (1988), pp. 443–444.
132.
Leino-Kaukiainen (1988), p. 445.
133.
Töyry (2005), p. 289.
134.
Suomen lehdistön historia 5 (1988), pp. 71–77.
135.
Salokorpi (1988), pp. 81–92.
136.
Salokorpi (1988), p. 77.
137.
Vesikansa (1997), pp. 159–187.
138.
Uusi Suometar, 21 Dec. 1913, pp. 11–12; ibid., 8 Mar. 1916, pp. 4–5.
139.
On advice columns increasing interest in the publication, see Locher (2006), p. 153.
140.
Uusi Suometar, 18 Dec. 1883, p. 4; Laatokka, 5 Jan. 1886, p. 1. Also ibid., 8 Dec. 1885, p. 1.
141.
Wiipurin Sanomat, 30 Dec. 1892, p. 1; Uusi Savo, 18 Jan. 1896, p. 1; ibid., 25 Jan. 1896, p. 1.
142.
For example, Itä-Suomen Sanomat, 11 Dec. 1896, p. 1. For the newspaper, see Suomen lehdistön historia 5 (1988), p. 141.
143.
For example, Helsingin Sanomat, 16 Dec. 1909, p. 4.
144.
Pellervo 1889:0, pp. 1–2.
145.
Pellervo 1901:12, p. 390.
146.
Laatokka, 5 Jan. 1911, p. 4.
147.
For example, Vasara-Aaltonen (2020); Opettajain Lehti 1907:6, p. 63.
148.
See also Vasara-Aaltonen (2019), p. 54. The first part of this law dictionary for workers, written by lawyer, Socialist politician, and future minister Väinö Tanner, was published in 1915, Tanner (1915), pp. 209–237.
149.
Työ, 23 Apr. 1914, p. 4; ibid., 3 June 1914, p. 5.
150.
Black (2013), pp. 898–899.
151.
For example, Opettajain Lehti 1907:51–52, pp. 508–510, 521–522.
152.
Black (2013).

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Faculty of Law, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Mia Korpiola

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Marianne Vasara-Aaltonen

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Korpiola, M. (2021). Lawyers Providing Legal Aid in Print: Legal Question and Answer Columns in Finnish Newspapers Around 1900. In: Batlan, F., Vasara-Aaltonen, M. (eds) Histories of Legal Aid. World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80271-4_7

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80271-4_7
Published: 12 January 2022
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
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Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80271-4
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