Abstract
Several studies have shown an increased risk for cardiovascular disease in hyperthyroidism, both at diagnosis and during long-term follow-up. The risk is highest for atrial fibrillation (AF) and arterial embolism. Clinical conditions at the diagnosis are variable, and the treatment (antithyroid drugs, surgery, or radioactive iodine) should be tailored in overt hyperthyroidism according to clinical presentation and thyroid physical examination. Thyrotoxic storm is a severe complication of hyperthyroidism, and its grading scale should be evaluated by Burch and Wartofsky score. Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SH) is a very frequent condition in which TSH levels are suppressed, whereas FT3 and FT4 are normal. SH is associated with an increase of cardiovascular risk for heart failure and AF and may increase the risk of fracture in osteoporotic women.
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Cozzi, R. (2021). Overt Hyperthyroidism and Subclinical Hyperthyroidism: Who and How to Treat. In: Luzi, L. (eds) Thyroid, Obesity and Metabolism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80267-7_4
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