Abstract
The right choice of the binder type in design of mixes for 3D concrete printing (3DCP) will contribute to sustainable development of this technology, reduce risks of defect formation and inconsistencies in finished products. The results of influence of Portland cements with different mineralogical composition on the rate of plastic strength of set cement, the main rheological characteristics of mixes and the physical and mechanical properties of 3D printed hardened composites are presented. The rate of plastic strength of set cement was determined in accordance with requirements of ASTM C403 using a pocket penetrometer C194. The yield stress of mix was determined using a simple viscometer, which is a hollow polypropylene cylinder 200 mm high and 105 mm in inner diameter. Physical and mechanical properties (average density, flexural and compression strength, softening coefficient – the ratio of wet strength to dry compression strength, water absorption) of 3D printed hardened composites were determined in accordance with Russian standards. It was found both cements without mineral additives and cements with additives are most expedient to use in developing of concrete and mortar mixes for 3DCP from the position of availability of cements on the market. From the point of view of mineralogical composition of cements, it was found cements with a high content of clinker minerals C3S and C3A are the most expedient to use because of providing a quick set of strength of the freshly formed concrete mix at the initial time of hardening in 3DCP. From the point of view of the rate of plastic strength, mixes based on CEM II/A-P 32.5 N and CEM II/A-S 32.5 R are the most effective, which are characterized by earlier initial set compared to the rest studied compositions. From the point of view of obtaining the most optimal rheological indicators and high physical and mechanical properties, mortar and concrete mixes based on Portland cement CEM I 42.5 N, sand with fineness modulus Mk = 3, cement-to-sand (C/S) ratio of 1:3 and mobility class Pk 2 (according to Russian standard GOST 5802-86) are the most advisable to use in 3DCP. Nevertheless, it is possible to use other studied Portland cements in 3DCP, which, to a lesser extent, contribute to obtaining optimal rheological properties, in conjunction with modifying additives.
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Acknowledgments
This research was funded by President of Russia Scholarship for young scientists and graduate students (SP-1051.2021.1), «Civil Society Foundation» and supported by «3D-Stroy LLC».
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Mukhametrakhimov, R., Lukmanova, L. (2021). Investigation of Portland Cement in 3D Concrete Printing. In: Vatin, N. (eds) Proceedings of STCCE 2021. STCCE 2021. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 169. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80103-8_1
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