Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Outer Space and Cyber Space pp 1–13Cite as

Jurisdiction Over the Realms Unlocked by Technology: Outer Space and Cyberspace

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 465 Accesses

Part of the book series: Studies in Space Policy ((STUDSPACE,volume 33))

Abstract

In light of the discussions concerning the potential international cooperation in the form of a United Nations treaty on cyberspace, space law can offer an interesting example for comparison. Being both cyberspace and outer space areas where access was made possible only through the development of technology, the legislative path towards a jurisdictional regime can find similarities. Whilst cyberspace is inherently different from any other space regulated under international law, the traditional legal tools that were used in the creation of the jurisdictional regime in outer space, can definitely be of help when building the legal base for cyberspace. Nevertheless, whereas space law provisions can offer a useful tool for the understanding of the applicability of jurisdictional rules, the very nature of cyberspace requires a legal regime that cannot be built solely on parallelisms and established precedents, but requires the creation of a new legal paradigm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Nasa, Steve Garber, ‘Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age’ (NASA History website, 10 October 2007) <https://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/> last accessed 14 March 2021.

  2. 2.

    Bill Warners, ‘Patents 254 Miles up: Jurisdictional Issues Onboard the International Space Station’ (2020) 19 UIC Rev Intell Prop L 365, 377.

  3. 3.

    Nicholas Tsagourias, The legal status of cyberspace in Nicholas Tsagourias, Russell Buchan (eds) Research Handbook on International Law and Cyberspace (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015) 14.

  4. 4.

    Daniel T Kuehl, From cyberspace to cyberpower: Defining the problem in Franklin D Kramer, Stuart H Starr, Larry K Wentz (eds), Cyberpower and National Security (National Defense University Press 2009) 28.

  5. 5.

    See The Law.com Dictionary <https://dictionary.thelaw.com/cyberspace/> last accessed 14 March 2021.

  6. 6.

    James Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (OUP, 2012) 456.

  7. 7.

    Tsagourias (n 3) 17.

  8. 8.

    David R Johnson, David G Post, ‘Law and borders: The rise of law in cyberspace’ (1996) 48 Stanford L Rev 1367.

  9. 9.

    Tsagourias (n 3) 16 citing Johnson, Post Ibid.

  10. 10.

    Prime examples are the jurisdiction provisions in the High Seas and Outer Space where States exercise jurisdiction on a basis of quasi-territoriality; see s 3.

  11. 11.

    Peter J Taylor, ‘The state as container: Territoriality in the modern world-system’, (1994) 18 Progress in Human Geography, 151.

  12. 12.

    Tsagourias (n 3) 18.

  13. 13.

    Stacy J Ratner, ‘Establishing the Extraterrestrial: Criminal Jurisdiction and the International Space Station’ (1999) 22 B C Int’l & Comp L Rev 323, 328.

  14. 14.

    Ahmad Kamal, The Law of Cyber-Space, An Invitation to the Table of Negotiations (United Nations Institute of Training and Research, UNITAR, 2005) 197.

  15. 15.

    A J Young, Law and Policy in the Space Stations’ Era (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1989) 152.

  16. 16.

    Covey T Oliver, The International Legal System (1995) 133.

  17. 17.

    Ratner (n 13) 329.

  18. 18.

    Hans P Sinha, ‘Criminal Jurisdiction on the International Space Station’ (2004) 30 J Space L 97.

  19. 19.

    Ratner (n 13) 329.

  20. 20.

    Ibid 330.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    Ibid.

  23. 23.

    Attorney General of the Government of Israel v Eichmann 16 PD 2033 (1962).

  24. 24.

    See Stephan Hobe, Niklas Hedmasn, Preamble in Hobe, Schmidt-Tedd, Schrogl (eds) Cologne Commentary on Space Law – Outer Space Treaty.

  25. 25.

    R Jakhu, S Freeland, Article II in S Hobe, B Schmidt-Tedd, K U Schrogl, G M Goh (eds), Cologne Commentary on Space Law: Volume I (Carl Heymanns 2009) 44–63; Frans von der Dunk, International Space Law in Frans vor der Dunk, Fabio Tronchetti (eds), Handbook of Space Law (Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd 2015) 56.

  26. 26.

    Convention on International Civil Aviation (adopted 7 December 1944, entered into force 4 April 1944) UNTS 295 art 1.

  27. 27.

    Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies, 19 December 1966 (entered into force 10 October 1967) 610 UNTS 205 (OST) art I.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    Stephen Gorove, Legal Problems of Manned Spaceflight in Chia-Jui Cheng (ed), The Use of Airspace and Outer Space for all Mankind in the 21st Century (Kluwer Law International 1995) 246.

  30. 30.

    See United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (done 10 December 1982, entered into force 16 November 1994) 1833 UNTS 397 (UNCLOS) arts 86–120; P G Dembling, D M Arons, ‘The Evolution of the Outer Space Treaty’ (1967) 33 Journal of Air Law and Commerce 429–432.

  31. 31.

    Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (adopted 12 November 1974, entered into force 15 September 1976) UNGA Res 3235 (XXIX) art II.

  32. 32.

    Ibid.

  33. 33.

    W Zhang, ‘Extraterritorial Jurisdiction on Celestial Bodies’ (2019) 47 Space Policy 148, 150.

  34. 34.

    Gbenga Oduntan, Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in the Airspace and Outer Space, Legal Criteria for Spatial Delimitation, (Routledge 2012) 180.

  35. 35.

    UNCLOS (n 30) art 94 ‘Every state shall effectively exercise its jurisdiction and control in administrative, technical and social matters over ships flying its flag’.

  36. 36.

    Oduntan (n 34).

  37. 37.

    Protocol to the Convention on International interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters Specific to Space Assets (signed 9 March 2012) (Space Protocol).

  38. 38.

    Cape Town Convention on International interests in Mobile Equipment (signed 16 November 2001, entered into force 1 March 2006) 2307 UNTS 285.

  39. 39.

    M Sundahl, Cape Town Convention: Its Application to Space Assets and Relation to the Law of Outer Space (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2013) 171; Zhang (n 86) 151.

  40. 40.

    Zhang (n 33) 151.

  41. 41.

    See B Cheng, ‘The Extra-Terrestrial Application of International Law’ (1965) 18 1 Current Legal Problems 132–152.

  42. 42.

    As of 2020 no state has ratified the Space Protocol <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty> last accessed 14 March 2021.

  43. 43.

    Agreement Among the Government of Canada, Governments of Member States of the European Space Agency, the Government of Japan, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the United States of America concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station, 29 January 1998 (entered into force 27 March 2001) (IGA).

  44. 44.

    Andrew G Haley, Space Age Presents Immediate Legal Problems in Proceedings of the First Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space [1959].

  45. 45.

    Paul Meyer, Outer Space and Cyberspace: A Tale of Two Security Realms in Anna-Maria Osula, Henry Rõigas (eds) International Cyber Norms: Legal, Policy & Industry Perspectives (NATO CCD COE Publications, 2016) 157.

  46. 46.

    Mark Barrett, et al., Assured Access to the Global Commons (Norfolk: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 2011), xii, <www.act.nato.int/images/stories/events/2010/gc/aagc_finalreport.pdf> last accessed 14 March 2021.

  47. 47.

    Meyer (n 45) 160.

  48. 48.

    Tsagourias (n 3) nn 92 citing Joseph S Nye, The Future of Power (PublicAffairs 2011) 143.

  49. 49.

    Ibid 15–16.

  50. 50.

    OST (n 27) art I.

  51. 51.

    Ibid art II.

  52. 52.

    Ibid art VIII; IGA (n 43) art 5, 22.

  53. 53.

    Ratner (n 13) 335.

  54. 54.

    Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime ETS No 185 (entry into force 01 July 2004) (Budapest Convention).

  55. 55.

    Ibid Preamble.

  56. 56.

    As of December 2020, there are 65 parties to the Budapest Convention, see <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime> last accessed 14 March 2021.

  57. 57.

    Kamal (n 14).

  58. 58.

    Ibid preface.

  59. 59.

    Ibid 204.

  60. 60.

    See parties to the Convention (n 56).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Luxembourg, Mondercange, Luxembourg

    Alexandros Eleftherios Farsaris

Authors
  1. Alexandros Eleftherios Farsaris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Annette Froehlich

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Farsaris, A.E. (2021). Jurisdiction Over the Realms Unlocked by Technology: Outer Space and Cyberspace. In: Froehlich, A. (eds) Outer Space and Cyber Space. Studies in Space Policy, vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80023-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80023-9_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80022-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80023-9

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation