Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anesthesia for Chronic Subdural Hematoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Subdural Hematoma

  • 1769 Accesses

Abstract

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is one of the most common neurosurgical conditions. Anesthesia management of patients with CSDH requiring surgical intervention involves a thorough preoperative evaluation, tailored intraoperative anesthesia management, and comprehensive postoperative care including pain control. By understanding and optimizing cerebral physiology, secondary brain injuries are minimized, and surgical evacuation of the hematoma can lead to a successful recovery. The holistic integration of the patient’s current and past neurological history and physical examination findings are critical in formulating an anesthesia plan. Choice of anesthesia depends on the patient’s neurologic status, the size and location of the CSDH, and the surgical approach. Both general anesthesia and monitored anesthesia care are used in CSDH surgery. However, general anesthesia is the preferred approach due to patient comfort and ability for ventilation control. Anesthetics should be tailored to each patient and the need for timely anesthesia emergence. In addition to pain management, it is imperative to prevent nausea and vomiting and delirium in the postoperative period.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adhiyaman V, Asghar M, Ganeshram Bhowmick KNBK. Chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78:71–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.78.916.71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Akopov S, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis: effects of nifedipine and nimodipine. Int J Angiol. 2011;2(01):16–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02651556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Albanèse J, Arnaud S, Rey M, et al. Ketamine decreases intracranial pressure and electroencephalographic activity in traumatic brain injury patients during propofol sedation. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:1328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Alrezk R, Jackson N, Al Rezk M, et al. Derivation and validation of a geriatric-sensitive perioperative cardiac risk index. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(11):e006648. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006648.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma. Advanced trauma life support: student course manual. American College of Surgeons; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133(6 Suppl):160S–98S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-0670.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Arozullah AM, Daley J, Henderson WG, Khuri SF. Multifactorial risk index for predicting postoperative respiratory failure in men after major noncardiac surgery. The National Veterans Administration Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Ann Surg. 2000;232(2):242–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200008000-00015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Baechli H, et al. Demographics and prevalent risk factors of chronic subdural haematoma: results of a large single-center cohort study. Neurosurg Rev. 2004;27(4):263–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-004-0337-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Basali A, et al. Relation between perioperative hypertension and intracranial hemorrhage after craniotomy. Anesthesiology. 2000;93(1):48–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200007000-00012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bijker JB, Gelb AW. Review article: the role of hypotension in perioperative stroke. Can J Anaesth. 2012;60(2):159–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-012-9857-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bilimoria KY, Liu Y, Paruch JL, Zhou L, Kmiecik TE, Ko CY. Development and evaluation of the universal ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator: a decision aid and informed consent tool for patients and surgeons. J Am Coll Surg. 2013;217(5):833-42.e1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bishnoi V, Kumar B, Bhagat H, Salunke P, Bishnoi S. Comparison of dexmedetomidine versus midazolam-fentanyl combination for monitored anesthesia care during Burr-hole surgery for chronic subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2016;28(2):141–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANA.0000000000000194. PMID: 26018670.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Blaauw J, Jacobs B, den Hertog HM, van der Gaag NA, Jellema K, Dammers R, Lingsma HF, van der Naalt J, Kho KH, Groen RJM. Neurosurgical and perioperative management of chronic subdural hematoma. Front Neurol. 2020;11:550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00550. eCollection 2020. PMID: 32636797; PMCID: PMC7317017.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Bodenham AR, Howell SJ. General anaesthesia vs local anaesthesia: an ongoing story. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103:785–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aep310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bolden N, Posner KL, Domino KB, et al. Postoperative critical events associated with obstructive sleep apnea: results from the Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine Obstructive Sleep Apnea Registry. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(4):1032–41. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000005005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Brassard P, et al. Is cerebral oxygenation negatively affected by infusion of norepinephrine in healthy subjects? Br J Anaesth. 2009;102(6):800–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aep065.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Brennan PM, Kolias AG, Joannides AJ, Shapey J, Marcus HJ, Gregson BA, et al. The management and outcome for patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study in the United Kingdom. J Neurosurg. 2017;127:732–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.8.JNS16134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bunegin L, Albin MS, Helsel PE, Hoffman A, Hung TK. Positioning the right atrial catheter: a model for reappraisal. Anesthesiology. 1981;55(4):343–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198110000-00003. PMID: 7294368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Camu F, Lauwers MH, Verbessem D. Incidence and aetiology of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl. 1992;6:25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cao S, Chen D, Yang L, Zhu T. Effects of an abnormal mini-mental state examination score on postoperative outcomes in geriatric surgical patients: a meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19(1):74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-019-0735-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Chen JW, Gombart ZJ, Rogers S, Gardiner SK, Cecil S, Bullock RM. Pupillary reactivity as an early indicator of increased intracranial pressure: the introduction of the Neurological Pupil index. Surg Neurol Int. 2011;2:82. https://doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.82248.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Chui J, Mariappan R, Mehta J, Manninen P, Venkatraghavan L. Comparison of propofol and volatile agents for maintenance of anesthesia during elective craniotomy procedures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2014;61(4):347–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-014-0118-9. Epub 2014 Jan 31. PMID: 24482247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chun EH, Han MJ, Baik HJ, Park HS, Chung RK, Han JI, Lee HJ, Kim JH. Dexmedetomidine-ketamine versus dexmedetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl for monitored anesthesia care during chemoport insertion: a prospective randomized study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2016;16(1):49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-016-0211-4. PMID: 27484227; PMCID: PMC4970235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Chung F, Yegneswaran B, Liao P, et al. STOP questionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(5):812–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31816d83e4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chung F, Yegneswaran B, Liao P, et al. Validation of the Berlin questionnaire and American Society of Anesthesiologists checklist as screening tools for obstructive sleep apnea in surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(5):822–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31816d91b5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Chung F, Subramanyam R, Liao P, Sasaki E, Shapiro C, Sun Y. High STOP-Bang score indicates a high probability of obstructive sleep apnoea. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(5):768–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Cold GE, Eskesen V, Eriksen H, et al. CBF and CMRO2 during continuous etomidate infusion supplemented with N2O and fentanyl in patients with supratentorial cerebral tumour. A dose-response study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1985;29:490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Dakik HA, Chehab O, Eldirani M, et al. A new index for pre-operative cardiovascular evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):3067–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dawson B, Michenfelder JD, Theye RA. Effects of ketamine on canine cerebral blood flow and metabolism: modification by prior administration of thiopental. Anesth Analg. 1971;50:443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. De Benedittis G, et al. Postoperative pain in neurosurgery: a pilot study in brain surgery. Neurosurgery. 1996;38(3):466–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199603000-00008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. De Deyne C, Joly LM, Ravussin P. Les nouveaux agents volatils halogénés en neuro-anesthésie: quelle place pour le sévoflurane ou le desflurane? [Newer inhalation anaesthetics and neuro-anaesthesia: what is the place for sevoflurane or desflurane?]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2004;23(4):367–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annfar.2004.01.012. French. PMID: 15120783.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. de Jong FH, Mallios C, Jansen C, et al. Etomidate suppresses adrenocortical function by inhibition of 11 beta-hydroxylation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984;59:1143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Devereaux PJ, Mrkobrada M, Sessler DI, et al. Aspirin in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1401105.

  34. Dhallu MS, et al. Perioperative management of neurological conditions. Health Serv Insights. 2017;10:117863291771194. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178632917711942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Drummond JC, Dao AV, Roth DM, et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine on cerebral blood flow velocity, cerebral metabolic rate, and carbon dioxide response in normal humans. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Durieux ME, Himmelseher S. Pain control after craniotomy: off balance on the tightrope? J Neurosurg. 2007;106(2):207–8. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.2.207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Eberhart LHJ, et al. Prevention and control of postoperative nausea and vomiting in post-craniotomy patients. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007;21(4):575–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2007.06.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Egholm G, Kristensen SD, Thim T, et al. Risk associated with surgery within 12 months after coronary drug-eluting stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(24):2622–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.967.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. English JB, Westenskow D, Hodges MR, Stanley TH. Comparison of venous air embolism monitoring methods in supine dogs. Anesthesiology. 1978;48(6):425–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-197806000-00009. PMID: 666025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Fàbregas N, Bruder N. Recovery and neurological evaluation. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007;21(4):431–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2007.06.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Feely MA, Collins CS, Daniels PR, Kebede EB, Jatoi A, Mauck KF. Preoperative testing before noncardiac surgery: guidelines and recommendations. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(6):414–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;130(24):2215–45. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fox J, Gelb AW, Enns J, et al. The responsiveness of cerebral blood flow to changes in arterial carbon dioxide is maintained during propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:453.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gelabert-GonzĂ¡lez M, Iglesias-Pais M, GarcĂ­a-Allut MartĂ­nez-Rumbo AR. Chronic subdural haematoma: surgical treatment and outcome in 1000 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;107:223–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.09.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gelb AW, Craen RA, Rao GS, et al. Does hyperventilation improve operating condition during supratentorial craniotomy? A multicenter randomized crossover trial. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. George J, et al. Causes and prognosis of delirium in elderly patients admitted to a district general hospital. Age Ageing. 1997;26(6):423–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/26.6.423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Geze S, Yilmaz AA, Tuzuner F. The effect of scalp block and local infiltration on the haemodynamic and stress response to skull-pin placement for craniotomy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26(4):298–303. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0b013e32831aedb2. PMID: 19262392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Godier A, Dincq A-S, Martin A-C, et al. Predictors of pre-procedural concentrations of direct oral anticoagulants: a prospective multicentre study. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(31):2431–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Godoy DA, Di Napoli M, Biestro A, Lenhardt R. Perioperative glucose control in neurosurgical patients. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:690362. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/690362.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, et al. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med. 1977;297(16):845–50. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197710202971601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Grinberg F, Slaughter TF, McGrath BJ. Probable venous air embolism associated with removal of the Mayfield skull clamp. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(5):1049–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199505000-00036. PMID: 7726406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gupta PK, Gupta H, Sundaram A, et al. Development and validation of a risk calculator for prediction of cardiac risk after surgery. Circulation. 2011;124(4):381–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.015701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hatta K, et al. Antipsychotics for delirium in the general hospital setting in consecutive 2453 inpatients: a prospective observational study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;29(3):253–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.3999.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Hawkins SB, et al. Quetiapine for the treatment of delirium. J Hosp Med. 2013;8(4):215–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.2019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hohnloser SH, Eikelboom JW. The hazards of interrupting anticoagulation therapy in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(15):1864–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs032.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Holcomb CN, Graham LA, Richman JS, Itani KMF, Maddox TM, Hawn MT. The incremental risk of coronary stents on postoperative adverse events: a matched cohort study. Ann Surg. 2016;263(5):924–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000001246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Horinaka N, Yasumoto Y, Kumami K, Matsumura K. Evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in chronic subdural hamatoma. Keio J Med. 2000;49(Suppl 1):A156–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hougaard K, Hansen A, Brodersen P. The effect of ketamine on regional cerebral blood flow in man. Anesthesiology. 1974;41:562.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Inao S, Kawai T, Kabeya R, Sugimoto T, Yamamoto M, Hata N, Isobe T, Yoshida J. Relation between brain displacement and local cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic subdural hematoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:741–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Inouye SK. Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. JAMA. 1996;275(11):852. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530350034031.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Jian M, et al. Flurbiprofen and hypertension but not hydroxyethyl starch are associated with post-craniotomy intracranial haematoma requiring surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(5):832–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeu185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kim SE, Kim E. Local anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care for patients undergoing thyroidectomy—a case series. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2016;69:635–9. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2016.69.6.635.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Kim SO, Jung Il S, Won YS, Choi Yang CSJY. A comparative study of local versus general anesthesia for chronic subdural hematoma in elderly patients over 60 years. Korean J Neurotrauma. 2013;9:47–51. https://doi.org/10.13004/kjnt.2013.9.2.47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Klopfenstein CE, Forster A, Van Gessel E. Anesthetic assessment in an outpatient consultation clinic reduces preoperative anxiety. Can J Anesth. 2000;47(6):511. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF030189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Kolias AG, Chari A, Santarius Hutchinson TPJ. Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10:570–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kross RA, et al. A comparative study between a calcium channel blocker (nicardipine) and a combined α-β-blocker (labetalol) for the control of emergence hypertension during craniotomy for tumor surgery. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(4):904–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200010000-00024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kuwabara H. Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in chronic subdural hematoma. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2000;11:499–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Langeron O, Masso E, Huraux C, et al. Prediction of difficult mask ventilation. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(5):1229–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Leary MC, Varade P. Perioperative stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020;20(5):12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-020-01033-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1043–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.100.10.1043.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lee JY, Ebel H, Ernestus RI, Klug N. Various surgical treatments of chronic subdural hematoma and outcome in 172 patients: is membranectomy necessary? Surg Neurol. 2004;61(6):523–7; discussion 527–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2003.10.026. PMID: 15165784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Leone M, Albanèse J, Viviand X, et al. The effects of remifentanil on endotracheal suctioning-induced increases in intracranial pressure in head-injured patients. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lescot T, Degos V, Zouaoui A, et al. Opposed effects of hypertonic saline on contusions and noncontused brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:3029.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(10):1082–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Liu C-Y, et al. Efficacy of risperidone in treating the hyperactive symptoms of delirium. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;19(3):165–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-200405000-00008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lutz LJ, Milde JH, Milde LN. The cerebral functional, metabolic, and hemodynamic effects of desflurane in dogs. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Madsen JB, Cold GE, Hansen ES, Bardrum B. The effect of isoflurane on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in humans during craniotomy for small supratentorial cerebral tumors. Anesthesiology. 1987;66:332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mahmood SD, Waqas M, Baig Darbar MZA. Mini-craniotomy under local anesthesia for chronic subdural hematoma: an effective choice for elderly patients and for patients in a resource-strained environment. World Neurosurg. 2017;106:676–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.057.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Mahmood SD, Waqas M, Baig MZ, Darbar A. Mini-craniotomy under local anesthesia for chronic subdural hematoma: an effective choice for elderly patients and for patients in a resource-strained environment. World Neurosurg. 2017;106:676–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.057. Epub 2017 Jul 19. PMID: 28735131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Mammoto T, Hayashi Y, Ohnishi Y, Kuro M. Incidence of venous and paradoxical air embolism in neurosurgical patients in the sitting position: detection by transesophageal echocardiography. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42(6):643–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05295.x. PMID: 9689268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Marcantonio ER. A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery. JAMA. 1994;271(2):134–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.271.2.134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Marcantonio ER, et al. The association of intraoperative factors with the development of postoperative delirium. Am J Med. 1998;105(5):380–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00292-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Mayer S, Rowland L. Head injury. In: Rowland L, editor. Merritt’s neurology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p. 401.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Mayhew D, Mendonca V, Murthy BVS. A review of ASA physical status—historical perspectives and modern developments. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(3):373–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.14569.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. McAlister FA, Bertsch K, Man J, Bradley J, Jacka M. Incidence of and risk factors for pulmonary complications after nonthoracic surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(5):514–7. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200408-1069OC.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Meng L, et al. Effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine bolus treatment on cerebral oxygenation in anaesthetized patients. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(2):209–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aer150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Meng L, et al. Impact of phenylephrine administration on cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and blood volume is modulated by carbon dioxide in anaesthetized patients †. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(5):815–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association Consensus Statement on inpatient glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(6):1119–31. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-9029.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. MolnĂ¡r C, Settakis G, SĂ¡rkĂ¡ny P, KĂ¡lmĂ¡n S, SzabĂ³ S, FĂ¼lesdi B. Effect of sevoflurane on cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular resistance at surgical level of anaesthesia: a transcranial Doppler study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24(2):179–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265021506001335. Epub 2006 Sep 14. PMID: 16970835.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Moon HG, Shin HS, Kim TH, Hwang YS, Park SK. Ossified chronic subdural hematoma. Yonsei Med J. 2003;44(5):915–8. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2003.44.5.915. PMID: 14584111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Moppett IK. Sympathetic activity and cerebral oxygenation. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103(5):769–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aep281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Nassiri F, et al. Reinitiation of anticoagulation after surgical evacuation of subdural hematomas. World Neurosurg. 2020;135:e616–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.12.080.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Neutel JM, et al. A comparison of intravenous nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside in the immediate treatment of severe hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7(7 Pt 1):623–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/7.7.623.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Olsen KS, et al. Effect of labetalol on cerebral blood flow, oxygen metabolism and autoregulation in healthy humans. Br J Anaesth. 1995;75(1):51–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/75.1.51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Omran H, Bauersachs R, RĂ¼benacker S, Goss F, Hammerstingl C. The HAS-BLED score predicts bleedings during bridging of chronic oral anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost. 2012;108(07):65–73. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH11-12-0827.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Petersen KD, Landsfeldt U, Cold GE, et al. Intracranial pressure and cerebral hemodynamic in patients with cerebral tumors: a randomized prospective study of patients subjected to craniotomy in propofol-fentanyl, isoflurane-fentanyl, or sevoflurane-fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(5):1081–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200605000-00026.

  98. Qureshi AI, et al. Pharmacologic reduction of mean arterial pressure does not adversely affect regional cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(5):965–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199905000-00036.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Rauhala M, Luoto TM, Huhtala H, Iverson GL, Niskakangas T, Öhman J, et al. The incidence of chronic subdural hematomas from 1990 to 2015 in a defined Finnish population. J Neurosurg. 2019;22:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.12.JNS183035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Rhondali O, et al. Do patients still require admission to an intensive care unit after elective craniotomy for brain surgery? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2011;23(2):118–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/ana.0b013e318206d5f8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Santarius T, Kirkpatrick PJ, Ganesan D, Chia HL, Jalloh I, Smielewski P, Richards HK, Marcus H, Parker RA, Price SJ, Kirollos RW, Pickard JD, Hutchinson PJ. Use of drains versus no drains after burr-hole evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9695):1067–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61115-6. PMID: 19782872.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Shapira-Lichter I, Beilin B, Ofek K, Bessler H, Gruberger M, Shavit Y, et al. Cytokines and cholinergic signals co-modulate surgical stress-induced changes in mood and memory. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22:388–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.09.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Sharrock MF, Rosenblatt K. Acute airway management and ventilation in the neurocritical care unit. In: Nelson SE, Nyquist PA, editors. Neurointensive care unit: clinical practice and organization. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36548-6_3.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  104. Shiau JM, Chen TY, Tseng CC, Chang PJ, Tsai YC, Chang CL, Lee CG. Combination of bupivacaine scalp circuit infiltration with general anesthesia to control the hemodynamic response in craniotomy patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 1998;36(4):215–20. PMID: 10399517.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Shoyombo I, Aiyagari V, Stutzman SE, et al. Understanding the relationship between the neurologic pupil index and constriction velocity values. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6992. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25477-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Slotty PJ, Kamp MA, Steiger HJS, Cornelius JF, Macht S, Stumer W, Turowski B. Cerebral perfusion changes in chronic subdural hematoma. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30:347–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Smilowitz NR, Berger JS. Perioperative cardiovascular risk assessment and management for noncardiac surgery: a review. JAMA. 2020;324(3):279. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7840.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Stamenkovic DM, Rancic NK, Latas MB, et al. Preoperative anxiety and implications on postoperative recovery: what can we do to change our history. Minerva Anestesiol. 2018;84(11):1307–17. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.18.12520-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Surve RM, Bansal S, Reddy M, Philip M. Use of dexmedetomidine along with local infiltration versus general anesthesia for Burr hole and evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2017;29(3):274–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANA.0000000000000305. PMID: 27100913.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Tafur A, Douketis J. Perioperative management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy. Heart. 2018;104(17):1461–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Tanaka A, Nakayama Y, Yoshinaga S. Cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure in chronic subdural hematoma. Surg Neurol. 1997;47:346–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Todd MM, Drummond JC. A comparison of the cerebrovascular and metabolic effects of halothane and isoflurane in the cat. Anesthesiology. 1984;60:276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Trofimova AO, Kalentiev G, Voennov O, Yuriev M, Agarkova D, Trofimov S, Bragin DE. Comparison of two algorithms for analysis of perfusion computed tomography (PCT) data for evaluation of cerebral microcirculation in chronic subdural hematoma. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;923:407–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, et al. 2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: the Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(3):213–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Vandesteene A, Trempont V, Engelman E, et al. Effect of propofol on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man. Anaesthesia. 1988;43(Suppl):42–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Vaziri S, Wilson J, Abbatematteo J, et al. Predictive performance of the American College of Surgeons universal risk calculator in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg. 2018;128(3):942–7. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.11.JNS161377.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Vaziri S, Abbatematteo JM, Fleisher MS, et al. Correlation of perioperative risk scores with hospital costs in neurosurgical patients. J Neurosurg. 2019;132(3):818–24. https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.10.JNS182041.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Victor M, Ropper A. Craniocerebral trauma. In: Victor M, Ropper A, editors. Adams and Victor’s principles of neurology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001. p. 925.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Wang X, Ji J, Fen L, Wang A. Effects of dexmedetomidine on cerebral blood flow in critically ill patients with or without traumatic brain injury: a prospective controlled trial. Brain Inj. 2013;27(13–14):1617–22. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.831130. Epub 2013 Oct 8. PMID: 24102571.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Won SY, Konczalla J, Dubinski D, Cattani A, Cuca C, Seifert V, Rosenow F, Strzelczyk A, Freiman TM. A systematic review of epileptic seizures in adults with subdural haematomas. Seizure. 2017;45:28–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2016.11.017. Epub 2016 Nov 25. PMID: 27914224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Wong DH, Weber EC, Schell MJ, Wong AB, Anderson CT, Barker SJ. Factors associated with postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(2):276–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199502000-00013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Yoshida K, Furuse M, Izawa A, Lizima N, Hirano T, Kuchiwaki H, Inao S, Sugita K. Dynamics of cerebral metabolism in patients with chronic subdural hematoma evaluated with phosphorus 31MR spectroscopy before and after surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:1681–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Zhang Z, Guo Q, Wang E. Hyperventilation in neurological patients: from physiology to outcome evidence. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2019;32(5):568–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000000764. PMID: 31211719; PMCID: PMC6735527.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Kathryn Rosenblatt

  2. Department of Anesthesiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA

    Ji Yoon Baek, Fenghua Li & Reza Gorji

Authors
  1. Kathryn Rosenblatt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ji Yoon Baek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fenghua Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Reza Gorji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Efeler, Aydın, Turkey

    Mehmet Turgut

  2. Avicenne Military Hospital of Marrakech Department of Neurosurgery, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco

    Ali Akhaddar

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA

    Walter A. Hall

  4. Department of Radiology, YĂ¼ksek Ä°htisas University Faculty of Medicine, Balgat, Ankara, Turkey

    Ahmet T. Turgut

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rosenblatt, K., Baek, J.Y., Li, F., Gorji, R. (2021). Anesthesia for Chronic Subdural Hematoma. In: Turgut, M., Akhaddar, A., Hall, W.A., Turgut, A.T. (eds) Subdural Hematoma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79371-5_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79371-5_28

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-79370-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-79371-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation