Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Research Methodology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Corpora, Corpses and Corps

  • 136 Accesses

Abstract

The Corpus Linguistics approach (Stubbs, 1996a: 41) is an invaluable resource bestowing users a tool for scanning language in search of “actual patterns of use” (Biber et al., 1998: 4). Such methodology funnels the researchers’ interests in retrieving and investigating syntax peculiarities and linguistic schemata. It tracks back main language apparatuses frequency and occurrences, and their prosodic, semantic and cultural associations of a lexical thesaurus in natural discourse. Therefore, Corpus Analysis (Conrad, 2002) involves enormous amounts of data to conduct a satisfying and well-accomplished survey on language use. Large-scale multimillion-word corpora represent the main models of a similar process. To that extent, scholars cannot manually perform similar studies, as their analytical development demands the application of software processing countless linguistic data in no time and provide users with precise results:

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The present research has partially used it, although the best part has urged a qualitative observation.

  2. 2.

    While data commonly consists of the actual words that constitute the thesaurus of the corpus, metadata involves information like age, gender, ethnicity, etc., of the individual participating in the conversation.

  3. 3.

    Here, ‘natural language’ is not used in its proper meaning since filmic situations involve monitored iterations prearranged for the medium of broadcasting conveying the language. Thus, the phrase throughout the study will signify the attempt to emulate actual natural language in fictional contexts reproducing real-life situations.

  4. 4.

    CLAWS part-of-speech tagger for English. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/claws/ on (accessed 07/21/2017).

  5. 5.

    “Empty words are principally uninflected forms, they are not members of the formal structure, they cannot be independent sentence members ” (Shengelaia, 2001: 149). The opposite of an ‘empty’ word is a ‘full’ word.

  6. 6.

    Sketch Engine software. http://www.sketchengine.eu/ (accessed 10/13/2018). Moreover, the Sketch Engine software can provide results employing different tag and annotation models set on phrase structures as the Penn Treebank (Marcus et al., 1993) rather than schemes focusing on dependency structures such as the Prague Dependency Treebank (Hajič et al., 2001) and others mainly analysing prosodic or pragmatic elements.

  7. 7.

    As anticipated, the Corpus Linguistic approach here mostly represents a ‘medium’ for retrieving statistically valid instances to be multimodally analysed. Thus, the tool only serves the relevant word frequency lists and projective percentages relating to words and terms.

  8. 8.

    Nevertheless, the Broadcaster has to grant permission to use TV series frames in case of works to be published.

  9. 9.

    Transcriber. A tool for segmenting, labelling and transcribing speech. http://trans.sourceforge.net/en/presentation.php (accessed 07/27/2017).

  10. 10.

    Ibid.

  11. 11.

    Transana-Qualitative analysis software for text, still image, audio and video data. http://transana.com/ (accessed 07/27(2017).

  12. 12.

    TV narrates all of its linguistic formulations as plausible. However, it has vast arrays of contexts and expresisons at its disposal. Action movie language is inevitably different from sci-fi dialogues; historical drama old fashion talks nothing like comedies; etc.

  13. 13.

    The main focus of the research is TV dramas. Nonetheless, given the amplitude and the complexity of film language, the term is often used to describe the language of the TV series—as a subcategory of TV language—in lieu of their similar expressive structures.

  14. 14.

    Films are not ESP per se but they represent texts simultaneously conveying multiple ‘natural’ and ‘specialised’ discourses during the same plot articulations (Stewart, 2015; Bonsignori, 2018).

References

  • Abercrombie, D. (1963). Studies in Phonetics and Linguistics. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman, R. (1995). A Semantic/Syntactic Approach to Film Genre. In B. K. Grant (Ed.), Film Genre Reader II (pp. 26–40). University of Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anolli, L. (2006). Fondamenti di Psicologia della Comunicazione. Il Mulino.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldry, A., & Thibault, P. J. (2001). Towards Multimodal Corpora. In G. Aston & L. Burnard (Eds.), Corpora in the Description and Teaching of English-Papers from the 5th ESSE Conference (pp. 87–102). Cooperativa Libraria Universitaria Editrice Bologna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, C. L. (1962 [1985]). Some Measurable Characteristics of Modern Scientific Prose. In J. Swales (Ed.), Episodes in ESP. Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies (A. Lavers, Trans.). The Noonday Press. [Original Title: Mythlogies, 1972]. Retrieved June 13, 2018, from http://faculty.georgetown.edu/irvinem/theory/Barthes-MythToday-excerpt.pdf

  • Barthes, R. (1977). Image, Music, Text. Fontana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, F. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, J. A., & Schmidt, K. H. (2012). Multimodal Film Analysis. How Films Mean. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bavelas, J. B. (1994). Gestures as Part of Speech: Methodological Implications. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27(3), 201–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beattie, G., & Shovelton, H. (1999). Mapping the Range of Information Contained in the Iconic Hand Gestures that Accompany Speech. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 18, 438–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bednarek, M. (2010). The Language of Fictional Television: Drama and Identity. Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednarek, M. (2018). Language and Television Series. A Linguistic Approach to TV Dialogue. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bednarek, M. (2019). Creating Dialogue for TV: Screenwriters Talk Television. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Berry-Flint, S. (2004). Genre. In T. Miller & R. Stam (Eds.), A Companion to Film Theory (pp. 25–44). Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biber, D. (2012). Corpus-based and Corpus-Driven Analyses of Language Variation and Use. In B. Heine & H. Narrog (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis (pp. 160–191). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (1998). Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, S., & Liberman, M. (2001). A Formal Framework for Linguistic Annotation. Speech Communication, 33(1–2), 23–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birdwhistell, R. L. (1952). Introduction to Kinesics: An Annotated System for the Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture. University of Louisville Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, D. W. (1984). Laughter. Journal of American Medical Association, 252, 2995–2998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, D. W., & Yacoob, Y. (1998). Recognizing Facial Expression in Image Sequences Using Local Parameterised Modes of Image Motion. International Journal on Computer Vision, 25(1), 23–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolinger, D. (1986). Intonation and Its Parts. Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonsignori, V. (2018). Using Films and TV Series for ESP Teaching: A Multimodal Perspective. System, 77, 58–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, W. C. (1983). The Rhetoric of Fiction. Chicago University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bordwell, D. (1985). Narration in the Fiction Film. University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordwell, D. (1989). Making Meaning. Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordwell, D. (2007). Poetics of Cinema. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordwell, D., & Thompson, K. (2008). Film Art: An Introduction (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branigan, E. (1992). Narrative Comprehension and Film. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (1986). Social Psychology. Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgoon, J. K., Buller, D. B., & Woodall, W. G. (1996). Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Dialogue. McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnard, L. (2005). Developing Linguistic Corpora: Metadata for Corpus Work. In M. Wynne (ed.), Developing Linguistic Corpora: A Guide to Good Practice (pp. 30–46). Oxbow Books. Retrieved July 21, 2017, from http://ota.ox.ac.uk/documents/creating/dlc/

  • Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of ‘Sex. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrè, M. T. (1993). La Terminologia. Teoria, Metodologia, Aplicaciones. Editorial Antártide.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabrè, M. T. (2003). Theories of Terminology: Their Description, Prescription and Explanation. Terminology, 9(2), 163–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese, R. (2004). La linguistica dei corpora e l’inglese come lingua straniera. Massa Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese, R. (2008). Insights into the Lexicon-Syntax Interface in Italian Learners’ English. A Generative Framework for a Corpus-based Analysis. Aracne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, D. (2001). Working with Spoken Discourse. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. B. (Ed.). (1956). Language, Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerrato, L., & Skhiri, M. (2003). Analysis and Measurement of Head Movements Signaling Feedback in Face-to-Face Human Dialogues. Proceedings of AVSP (pp. 251–256). [Online]. Retrieved July 21, 2017, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.3.2626&rep=rep1&type=pdf

  • Chatman, S. (1980). Story and Discourse. Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (1983). Noam Chomsky’s Views on the Psychology of Language and Thought. In R. Rieber (Ed.), Dialogues on the Psychology of Language and Thought (pp. 33–46). Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H. H., & Krych, M. A. (2004). Speaking While Monitoring Addresses for Understanding. Journal of Memory and Language, 50(1), 62–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coletti, V. (1978). Il Linguaggio Letterario. Zanichelli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, S. (2002). Corpus Linguistic Approaches for Discourse Analysis. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 22, 75–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, G., Stewart, G., & Babeu, A. (Eds.). (2007). A New Generation of Textual Corpora: Mining Corpora from Very Large Collections. Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL). Proceedings. Vancouver.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosthwaite, P. (Ed.). (2020). Data-Driven Learing for the Next Generation. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Currie, G. (1997). The Film Theory That Never Was: A Nervous Manifesto. In R. Allen & L. Smith (Eds.), Film Theory and Philosophy (pp. 42–59). Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Currie, G. (2004). Cognitivism. In T. Miller & R. Stam (Eds.), A Companion to Film Theory (pp. 105–122). Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. (2021). The TV and Movies Corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 26(1), 10–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Beaugrande, R.-A., & Dressler, W. U.. (1994). Introduzione alla Linguistica Testuale. Il Mulino. [Original Title: Einführunh in die Textlinguistik, 1981].

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bruyn, B. (2012). Wolfgang Iser: A Companion. De Gruyter.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • De Saint-Georges, I. (2004). Materiality in Discourse: The Influence of Space and Layout In Making Meaning. In P. LeVine & R. Scollon (Eds.), Discourse and Technology: Multimodal Discourse Analysis (pp. 71–87). Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley-Evans, T., & St. John, M. J. (2012). Developments in English for Specific Purposes: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durovicova, N., & Newman, K. (Eds.). (2010). World Cinemas, Transnational Perspectives. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eco, U. (1984). The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts. Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eco, U. (2016a, 1st ed. 1990). I Limiti dell’Interpretazione. La Nave di Teseo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eco, U. (2016b). Lector in Fabula. Bompiani.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eco, U. (2016c, 1st ed. 1962). Opera Aperta. Forma e Indeterminazione nelle Poetiche Contemporanee. Bompiani.

    Google Scholar 

  • Efron, D. (1941). Gesture, Race and Culture. Mouton & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein, S. (1963). Film Form: Essays in the Film Theory. Dennis Dobson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. (1971). Universal and Cultural Differences in Facial Expression of Emotion. Nebraska Symposium of Motivation, 19, 207–283. Retrieved July 29, 2017, from http: //www.ekman international.com/ResearchFiles/Universals-And-Cultural-Differences-In-Facial-Expressions-Of.pdf

  • Ekman, P. (1982). Emotion in the Human Face. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). The Repertoire of Non-Verbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage and Coding. Semiotica, 1(1), 49–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2003). Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognising Emotion from Facial Clues. Malor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (2013). Emotion in the Human Face: Guidelines for Research and an Integration of Findings. Pergamont Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engwall, L., et al. (Eds.). (2014). Computer Corpus Linguistics. An Innovation in the Humanities’. Organisational Transformation and Scientific Change: The Impact of Institutional Restructuring on Universities and Intellectual Innovation (Research in the Sociology of Organisations), Vol. 42. Pp. 331–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewer, J., & Latorre, G. (1969). A Course in Basic Scientific English. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faini, P. (2014). Terminology Management and the Translator. From Project Planning to Database Creation. Tangram Edizioni Scientifiche.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firth, J. (1957). Papers in Linguistics. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, M. E., & Oberlander, J. (2007). Corpus-based Generation of Head and Eyebrow Motion for an Embodies Conversational Agent. Language Resources and Evaluation, 41(3/4), 305–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garside, R. (1987). The CLAWS word-tagging system. In R. Garside, G. Leech & G. Sampson (Eds.). The Computational Analysis of English: A Corpus-Based Approach. Longman (accessed July, 21, 2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garside, R., & Smith, N. (1997). A Hybrid Grammatical Tagger: CLAWS4. In R. Garside, G. Leech, & A. McEnery (Eds.), Corpus Annotation: Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora (pp. 102–121). Longman. Retrieved July 21, 2017, from http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/papers/HybridTaggerGS97.pdf

  • Garside, R., Leech, G., & McEnery, A. (Eds.). (1997). Corpus Annotation. Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotti, M. (2003). Specialized Discourse. Linguistic Features and Changing Conventions. Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotti, M. (2005). Investigating Specialized Discourse. Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotti, M., & Giannoni, D. S. (Eds.). (2006). New Trends in Specialized Discourse Analysis. Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gramley, S., & Pätzold, K.-M. (1992). A Survey of Modern English. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, B. K. (2007). Film Genre: From Iconography to Ideology. Wallflower Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, M. (2002). Phasal Analysis Within Communication Linguistics: Two Contrastive Discourses. In P. Fries, M. Cummings, D. Lockwood, & W. Sprueill (Eds.), Relations and Functions within and Around Language (pp. 316–345). Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice, P. H. (1981). Presupposition and Conversational Implicature. In P. Cole (Ed.), Radical Pragmatics (pp. 183–198). Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice, P. H. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, Z. M., & Bock, K. (2000). ‘What the Eye Say about Speaking. Psychological Science, 11(4), 274–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gualdo, R., & Telve, S. (2011). I Linguaggi Specialistici dell’Italiano. Carocci.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunnarsson, B.-L. (1997). Language for Special Purposes. In G. R. Tucker & D. Corson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Language and Education.Second Language Education (vol. 4, pp. 105–117). [Online]. Springer. Retrieved August 31, 2017, from https: //link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-4419-3_11

  • Haiman, J. (1998). The Metalinguistics of Ordinary Language. Evolultion of Communication, 2(1), 117–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajič, J., Vidová Hladká, B., Panevová, J., Hajičová, E., Sgall, P., & Pajas, P. (2001). Prague Dependency Treebank 1.0. CDROM. CAT: LDC2001T10. ISBN: 1-58563-212-0. Linguistic Data Consortium. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. Retrieved July 21, 2017, from http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt/

  • Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K. (1990 [2001]). New Ways of Meaning: The Challenge to Applied Linguistics. In A. Fill & P. Mühlhäusler (Eds.), The Ecolinguistics Reader: Language, Ecology and Environment (pp. 175–202). Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K. (2003). On Language and Linguistics. Collected Works (Vol. 3). Equinox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heydon, G. (2005). The Language of Police Interviewing: A Critical Analysis. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, R., Frost, R., Davis, A., & Stauffer, J. (1988). How First Time Viewers Comprehend Editing Conversations. Journal of Communication, 38(4), 50–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hochberg, J., & Brooks, V. (1978). The Perception of Motion Pictures. In M. Friedman & E. Carterette (Eds.), Handbook of Perception (Vol. X). Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holler, J., & Bettie, G. W. (2002). A Micro-Analytic Investigation on How Iconic Gestures and Speech Represent Core Semantic Features in Talk. Semiotica, 142(1–4), 31–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holler, J., & Bettie, G. W. (2003). How Iconic Gesture and Speech Interact In the Representation of Meaning: Are Both Aspects Really Integral to the Process? Semiotica, 146(1–4), 81–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holler, J., & Bettie, G. W. (2004). The Interpretation of Iconic Gestures and Speech. 5th International Gesture Workshop. Genova (Italy). Springer Verlag, pp. 15–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoslanova, J. (2012). New Methods for Studying Visual Communication and Multimodal Integration. Journal of Visual Communication, 11(3), 251–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howatt, A. P. R. (1984). A History of English Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulob, R. C. (1984). Reception Theory: A Critical Introduction. Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, T., & Waters, A. (1987). English for Specific Purposes: A Learning-Centred Approach. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse. Exploring Interaction in Writing. Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingarden, R. (1973). The Literary Work of Art (G. G. Grabowicz, Trans.). Northwestern University Press. [Original Title: O Dziele Literackim, 1960].

    Google Scholar 

  • Iser, W. (1989). Prospecting: From Reader Response to Literal Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iser, W. (2000). The Range of Interpretation. Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, H. (2008). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, K. B. (2016). Intermediality. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy (pp. 1–12). Retrieved April 26, 2021, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect170

  • Kendon, A. (1972). Some Relationships between Body Motion and Speech. In A. Seigman & B. Pope (Eds.), Studies in Dyadic Communication (pp. 177–216). Pergamon Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kendon, A. (1987). On Gesture: Its Complementary Relationship with Speech. In A. W. Siegman & S. Feldstein (Eds.), Nonverbal Behavior and Communication (pp. 65–97). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, G. D. (1998). An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilgarriff, A., et al. (2004). The Sketch Engine. Information Technology. Retrieved October 13, 2018, from https://www.sketchengine.eu/wp-content/uploads/The_Sketch_Engine_2004.pdf

  • Kilgarriff, A., et al. (2014). The Sketch Engine. Ten Years On. Lexicography, 1, 7–36. Retrieved October 13, 2018, from https://www.sketchengine.eu/wp-content/uploads/The_Sketch_Engine_2014.pdf

  • Kilma, E., & Bellugi, U. (1979). The Signs of Language. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kipp, M., von Hollen, L., Hrstka, M.C., & Zamponi, F. (2014). Single-Person and Multi-party 3D Visualizations for Nonverbal Communication Analysis. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), ELDA, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality. A Social Semantic Approach to Contemporary Communication. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2011). Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. Bloomsbury Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic Patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapsley, R., & Westlake, M. (1988). Film Theory: An Introduction. Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leech, G., Garside, R., & Bryant, M. (1994). CLAWS4: The Tagging of the British National Corpus. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of Computational Linguistics (COLING94) (pp. 622–628). Kyoto, Japan. Retrieved July 21, 2017, from http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/papers/coling1994paper.pdf

  • LeVine, P., & Scollon, R. (Eds.). (2004). Discourse and Technology. Multimodal Discourse Analysis (pp. 71–87). Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, J. (1990). Music and Metaphysics. Essay in Philosophical Aesthetics. Cornwell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, K. (2007). The Importance of Gaze and Gesture in Interactive Multimodal Explanation. Language Resources and Evaluation, 41(3), 289–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, M., Santorini, B., & Marcinkiewicz, M. (1993). Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank. Computational Linguistics, 19, 313–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marr, D. (1982). Vision. W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. R. (1992). English Text: Systems and Structures. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, S. K. (1987). Interaction Functions of a Nonverbal Sign. Head Movement in Japanese Dyadic Casual Conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 11, 589–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, P. J. (Ed.). (1985). Selected Papers in Aesthetics. Philosophie Verlag. [Original Work: Ingarden, R., Studia z Estetyki, 1957–1958].

    Google Scholar 

  • McEnery, T., & Hardie, A. (2012). Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEnery, T., & Wilson, A. (1996). Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D. (1992). Head and Mind: What Gesture Reveal about Thought. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D., Cassell, J., & McCullough, K.-E. (1994). Communicative Effects of Speech-Mismatches Gestures. Research on Language and Social Interacton, 27(3), 223–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A. (1972). Nonverbal Communication. Aldeine-Atherton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messaris, P. (1994). Visual Literacy. Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, C. (1966). La grande syntagmatique du film narratif. Communications. Recherches Sémiologique: L’Analyse Stucturale du Récit, 8, 120–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, C. (1972a). Essays sur la Signification au Cinéma, Volume 2. Klincksieck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, C. (1972b). Ponctuation et démarcations dans le film de diégèse. Cahiers du Cinéma (pp. 73–78). [Reprinted in Metz 1972a: 111–137].

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, C. (1973). Methodological Propositions for the Analysis of Films. Screen, 14(1–2), 89–101 (D. Matias, Trans.). [Original French Article of 1968 Reprinted in Metz 1972a: 97–110].

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, C. (1974). Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema. Oxford University Press and Chicago University Press. (M. Taylor, Trans.). [Original Title: Essays sur la Signification au Cinéma, 1968].

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T., & Stam, R. (2004). A Companion to Film Theory. Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, W. (2007). There Are No Visual Media. In O. Grau (Ed.), Media Art Histories (pp. 395–406). MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monaco, J. (2009). How to Read a Film: Movies, Media and Beyond. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, N. (2010). Nonverbal Communication: Studies and Applications. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, S. (2004). Multimodal Discourse Analysis: A Conceptual Framework. In P. LeVine & R. Scollon (Eds.), Discourse and Technology: Multimodal Discourse Analysis (pp. 1–6). Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Halloran, K. L. (Ed.). (2004). Multimodal Discourse Analysis. Systemic Functional Perspectives. Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Halloran, K. (2011). Multimodal Analisys within an Interactive Software Environment: Critical Discourse Perspectives. Critical Discourse Studies, 8(2), 109–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Halloran, K. (2012). Interactive Software for Multimodal Analysis. Journal of Visual Communication, 11(3), 363–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, E. (1979). Transcription as Theory. In E. Ochs & B. B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental Pragmatics (pp. 43–72). Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piazza, R., Bednarek, M., & Rossi, F. (Eds.). (2011). Telecinematic Discourse. Approaches to the Language of Films and Television Series. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potts, C. (2005). The Logic of Conversational Implicature. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puckett, K. (2016). Narrative Theory. A Critical Introduction. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pudovkin, V. I. (1926). Film Technique and Film Acting: The Cinema Writings of V.I. Pudovkin (I. Montagu, Trans.). Bonanza Books. [Republished by Sims Press (2007)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Pylyshyn, Z. (1981). The Image Debate: Along Media vs Tacit Knowledge. In N. Block (Ed.), Imagery. MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, K. (2010). Television Dramatic Dialogue. A Sociolinguistic Study. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, V. P., McCroskey, J. C., & Payne, S. K. (1991). Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations. Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimé, B., & Schiaratura, L. (1991). Gesture and Speech. In R. S. Feldman & B. Rimé (Eds.), Foundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior (pp. 239–284). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russo, K. E. (2018). The Evaluationof Risk in Institutional and Newspaper Discourse. The Case of Climate Change and Migration. Editoriale Scientifica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saferstein, B. (2004). Digital Technology-Methodological Adoption: Text and Video as a Resource for Analytical Reflectivity. Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 197–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schegloff, E. A. (1984). On Some Gestures’ Relation to Talk. In J. M. Atkinson & E. J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis (pp. 266–296). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schier, F. (1986). Deeper into Pictures. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. (1969). Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. (1979). Expression and Meaning. Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Selinker, L., Trimble, M. T., & Trimble, L. (1978). Rhetorical Function-Shifts in EST Discourse. TESOL Quaterly, 12(3), 311–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1963). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shengelaia, N. (2001). On the General Semantics of Empty Words. The 1999 Batumi Conference Proceedings (pp. 149–52). Retrieved April 26, 2021, from https://archive.illc.uva.nl/Tbilisi/Borjomi2001/Proceedings/borj-proc.pdf

  • Silver, C., & Lewins, A. (2009). Transana 2.40: Distinguishing Features and Functions. QUIC Working Papers: University of Guildford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, J. (1996). The Search for Units of Meaning. Textus, 9(1), 71–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, J. (2008). Borrowed Ideas. In A. Gerbig & O. Mason (Eds.), Language, People, Numbers—Corpus Linguistics and Society (pp. 21–42). Rodopi BV.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sindroni, M. G., Wildfeuer, J., & O’Halloran, K. L. (Eds.). (2017). Mapping Multimodal Performance Studies. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R., Anderson, D. R., & Fischer, C. (1985). Young Children’s Comprehension of Montage. Child Development, 56, 962–971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, C. (2015). VCE Media: New Ways and Meanings. Units 3&4. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd..

    Google Scholar 

  • Strassel, L., & Cole, A. W.. (2006). Corpus Development and Publication. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC) 2006 [Online]. Retrieved July 26, 2017, from http://papers.ldc.upenn.edu/LREC

  • Stubbs, M. (1983). Discourse Analysis. The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural Language. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stubbs, M. (1996a). Text and Corpus Analysis: Computer-Assisted Studies of Language and Culture. Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stubbs, M. (1996b). Towards a Modal Grammar of English: A Matter of Prolonged Fieldwork. In M. Stubbs (Ed.), Text and Corpus Analysis. Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swales, J. M. (Ed.). (1985). Episodes in ESP. Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swales, J. M. (1988). Discourse Communities, Genres and English as International Language. World Englishes, 7(2), 211–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swales, J. M. (1992). Language for Specific Purposes. In W. Bright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (Vol. 2, pp. 300–302). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A., Marcus, M., & Santorini, B. (2003). The Penn Treebank: An Overview. In A. Abeillé (Ed.), Treebanks: Text, Speech and Language Technology (Vol. 20). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Thibault, J. P. (2000). The Multimodal Transcription of a Television Advertisment: Theory and Practice. In A. Baldry (Ed.), Multimodality and Multimediality in the Distance Learning Age (pp. 311–385). Palladino Editore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, L. A., & Massaro, D. W. (1986). Evaluation of Integration of Speech and Pointing Gestures during Referential Understanding. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 42(1), 144–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tognini-Bonelli, E. (2001). Corpus Linguistics at Work. John Benjamins Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Trimble, L. (1985). English for Science and Technology. A Discourse Approach. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics. An Introduction to Language and Society. Penguins Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen, T. (1985). Rhythmic Structure of the Film Text. In T. Van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse and Communication: New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication (pp. 69–93). De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen, T. (2004). Ten Reasons Why Linguists Should Pay Attention to Visual Communication. In P. LeVine & R. Scollon (Eds.), Discourse and Technology: Multimodal Discourse Analysis (pp. 7–19). Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walzlawick, P., Beavin, J., & Jackson, D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication. W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wees, W. C. (1973). Dickens, Griffith and Eisenstein: Form and Image in Literature and Film. The Humanities Association Review/La Revue de l’Association des Humanités, 24, 266–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinrich, H., & Segre, C. (Eds). (1988). Lingua e Linguaggi nei Testi (E. Bolla, Trans.). Feltrinelli. [Original Title: Sprache in Texten, 1976].

    Google Scholar 

  • Widdowson, H. G. (1978). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widdowson, H. G. (1979). The Description of Scientific Language. In H. G. Widdowson (Ed.), Explorations in Applied Linguistics (pp. 51–61). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widdowson, H. G. (1989). Language Ability for Use. Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 128–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, S. (2004). Language from Gesture. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(4), 524–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildfeuer, J. (2016 [2014]). Film Discourse Interpretation. Towards a New Paradigm for Multimodal Film Analysis. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, W. (2005). Metalepsis as a Transgeneric and Transmedial Phenomenon: A Case Study of the Possibilities of ‘Exploring’ Narratological Concepts. In J. C. Meister, T. Kindt, W. Schermus, & M. Stein (Eds.), Narrative Beyond Literary Criticism (pp. 83–107). De Gruyter.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wonner, B. (2005). The Deveopment of Corpus Linguistics to Its Present-Day Concept. GRIN Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, A. S. (1982). An examination of the rhetorical structures of authentic chemistry texts. Applied Linguistics, 3(2), 121–143 (accessed September, 1, 2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynne, M. (2005). Archiving, Distribution and Preservation. In M. Wynne (Ed.), Developping Linguistic Corpora: A Guide to Good Practice (pp. 30–46). Oxbow Books. Retrieved July 21, 2017, from http://ota.ox.ac.uk/documents/creating/dlc/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scholar in Multimodality, Modena, Italy

    Federico Pio Gentile

Authors
  1. Federico Pio Gentile
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gentile, F.P. (2021). The Research Methodology. In: Corpora, Corpses and Corps. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78276-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78276-4_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-78275-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-78276-4

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation