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A Little History

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Vision and Art with Two Eyes

Part of the book series: Vision, Illusion and Perception ((VIP,volume 3))

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Abstract

Seeing with two eyes has posed puzzles for philosophers and physicians for many centuries. It was appreciated that slightly different things are seen with each eye and these differences were often illustrated. However, the problems they addressed concerned how we see a single world with two eyes rather than how we see it in depth.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Wade (1998a, b).

  2. 2.

    See McMurrich (1930), Kemp (1989), Strong (1979), Wade et al (2001).

  3. 3.

    Alberti (1435/1966).

  4. 4.

    Nakayama and Shimojo (1990).

  5. 5.

    Newton’s sketch was redrawn and published by Harris (1775) and Brewster (1855).

  6. 6.

    Newton (1704).

  7. 7.

    Harris (1775), p. 109.

  8. 8.

    Harris (1775), p. 110.

  9. 9.

    See Vishwanath (2014).

  10. 10.

    Wade (2018).

  11. 11.

    Wheatstone (1838), p. 387.

  12. 12.

    See Wade (1998a, b) for a review.

  13. 13.

    Porta (1593).

  14. 14.

    Kepler (1604).

  15. 15.

    Aguilonius (1613).

  16. 16.

    See Ziggelaar (1983).

  17. 17.

    Aguilonius (1613), p. 147.

  18. 18.

    See May (1968).

  19. 19.

    Vesalius (1543).

  20. 20.

    See Wade (1998a, b).

  21. 21.

    See Clayton (2019).

  22. 22.

    Plater (1583).

  23. 23.

    Scheiner (1619), Daxecker (2004).

  24. 24.

    Descartes (1637/1902).

  25. 25.

    See Schickore (2007) and Wade (2019).

  26. 26.

    Treviranus (1837).

  27. 27.

    Schultze (1866).

  28. 28.

    See Mazzarello (1996, 2010), Wade and Piccolino (2006).

  29. 29.

    Taylor (1738).

  30. 30.

    See Wade (2008).

  31. 31.

    See Duke-Elder (1961), Polyak (1957).

  32. 32.

    Munk (1879).

  33. 33.

    Cajal (1893).

  34. 34.

    Piccolino (1988).

  35. 35.

    Holmgren (1866), p. 178. The article has been translated into English by Kantola et al (2019).

  36. 36.

    Adrian (1937).

  37. 37.

    Hartline et al (1956), p. 651.

  38. 38.

    Barlow (1953).

  39. 39.

    See Hubel and Wiesel (2005).

  40. 40.

    Marr (1982), p. 5.

  41. 41.

    Porta (1593).

  42. 42.

    Porta (1589, 1658).

  43. 43.

    Aguilonius (1613).

  44. 44.

    Young (1807), p. 22.

  45. 45.

    The term is described in the second edition (Chevallier 1812) but not the first (Chevallier 1810). See also Wade (2021).

  46. 46.

    Phantasmagoria are delightfully described by Mannoni (2000). The title of his book The great art of light and shadow is based on that of Kircher (1646) who gave an account of early magic lanterns.

  47. 47.

    Wheatstone (1838), p. 374.

  48. 48.

    Wheatstone (1852), p. 2.

  49. 49.

    Lonie (1856), p. 13. See also O’Shea (2017).

  50. 50.

    Holmes (1859), p. 743.

  51. 51.

    Helmholtz (1925), p. 440.

  52. 52.

    Helmholtz (1867a), p. 728.

  53. 53.

    Helmholtz (1867b), p. 920.

  54. 54.

    Duane (1917), p. 773.

  55. 55.

    See Howard (1919), Wells (1920) and O’Shea (2017).

  56. 56.

    Woodworth (1938), p. 572.

  57. 57.

    See Wade and Ono (2005).

  58. 58.

    Howard and Rogers (1995).

  59. 59.

    Dove (1851).

  60. 60.

    Dove (1852).

  61. 61.

    Brewster (1861).

  62. 62.

    Helmholtz (1867a).

  63. 63.

    Aguilonius (1613).

  64. 64.

    Wells (1792) reprinted in Wade (2003).

  65. 65.

    Towne published nine papers on binocular vision in Guy’s Hospital Reports between 1862 and 1870 (see Wade et al. 2006).

  66. 66.

    Towne (1866), p. 301.

  67. 67.

    Hering (1879).

  68. 68.

    Hering (1942), p. 74.

  69. 69.

    Helmholtz (1925), p. 258.

  70. 70.

    As used by Julesz (1971) for example.

  71. 71.

    Brewster (1844). See also Wade (2019).

  72. 72.

    Meyer (1856), Panum (1858).

  73. 73.

    Breese (1899).

  74. 74.

    See Wade (1998a, b).

  75. 75.

    Porac and Coren (1976).

  76. 76.

    Borelli (1673).

  77. 77.

    Wade and de Weert (1986).

  78. 78.

    Ross (1927), p. 959b.

  79. 79.

    Ross (1927), p. 959b.

  80. 80.

    Porta (1593), p. 143.

  81. 81.

    Porta (1593), pp. 142–143.

  82. 82.

    Le Cat (1744).

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Dundee, DUNDEE, UK

    Nicholas Wade

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Wade, N. (2023). A Little History. In: Vision and Art with Two Eyes. Vision, Illusion and Perception, vol 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77995-5_2

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