Abstract
It is well established that nonhuman animals have substantial social significance in human society (Arluke & Sanders, 1996; Irvine, 2008; Nibert, 2013). However, some aspects of sociological investigation have not fully engaged with the question of how animals are embedded in human social systems. Wilkie (2015) calls for a reimagining of C. Wright Mills’ sociological imagination into an “animalizing of the sociological imagination” to recognize that animals are an integral part of human social systems and how we treat and engage with animals impacts human social life. It is curious that animals often are invisible in environmental sociology, a subdiscipline constructed in opposition to human exceptionalism (Tovey, 2003). When animals do appear, they are considered primarily as part of ecological systems or “wild nature,” with the billions who exist as food, domestic or service animals largely ignored (Tovey, 2003). Yet, it is clear that humans and other animals live in co-constituted, collaborative worlds (Despret, 2013; Haraway, 2008; Porcher, 2017). Indeed, animals are so embedded into the social fabric that society cannot be fully understood without including them, and we are challenged to “think from the animal” and ask “what matters for them?” (Despret, cited in Carter & Charles, 2018). To “think from the animal” involves a recognition that our engagement and use of animals alters natural and social systems in often profound ways. Engaging with environmental sociology from a sociology of animal studies perspective, this chapter begins a conversation on “thinking from the animal” by asking what matters for animals in environmental sociology?
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Notes
- 1.
These three categories are taken from Donaldson and Kymlicka (2011).
- 2.
There is a connection between the material reality of the lives of working animals and human slavery since the tools, structures and ideologies that make the enslavement and oppression of other species possible are similarly employed in the enslavement of humans (Spiegel, 1997).
- 3.
The Detroit Zoo was the first US animal facility to end a long-standing tradition (81 years) of keeping elephants in captivity. Winky and Wanda were sent to an elephant sanctuary in California in 2015.
- 4.
A 2006 poll found that 44 percent of people who did not evacuate during Hurricane Katrina did so because they did not want to abandon their animal family members (Fritz Institute, 2006).
- 5.
These cases largely remain unprosecuted or charges have been dropped (Irvine, 2009).
- 6.
North Carolina is the second largest producer of swine, home to 9.7 million pigs in production and a major producer of poultry (Pierre-Louis, 2018).
- 7.
Swine grown in North Carolina produce 10 billion gallons of manure annually, most from intensive farming operations (Pierre-Louis, 2018).
- 8.
Sarcoptic mange is a pernicious disease that compromises the health of red foxes and coyotes, and some communities are attempting to treat the condition in foxes by injecting Ivermectin into meat baits at daily feeding stations of dry dog food over a 4–5 week period. See http://www.foxwoodwildliferescue.org/2017/01/05/treating-sarcoptic-mange-in-red-foxes/
- 9.
We humans have long history of destroying liminal animals such as rats, mice, squirrels, sparrows, raccoons, coyotes, and foxes. The ritual public slaughter of agricultural pest animals was common in rural communities around ancient Rome (Futrell, 1997), and bothersome animals such as flies, grasshoppers, locusts and sparrows were excommunicated and exorcised during the animal trials of the Middle Ages (Kalof, 2007: 63).
- 10.
See HSUS Fact Sheet on Wildlife Killing Contests, https://www.humanesociety.org/sites/default/files/docs/HSUS_Wildlife-Killing-Contests-Toolkit.pdf (Accessed July 6, 2021).
- 11.
The question depends largely on the definition of “dog.” Vanak and Gompper (2009) categorize dogs into six groups: owned dogs, urban free-ranging dogs, rural free-ranging dogs, village dogs, feral dogs and wild dogs (dingoes, feral dogs and their hybrids). However, Ritchie et al. (2014) note that dingoes could fit into each of these groups which illustrates the difficulty of defining “dog,” and they argue for a definition based on spatial and temporal contexts of the study site.
- 12.
Foxes may reduce Lyme disease risk in humans by controlling mice populations (O’Bryan et al., 2018: 230).
- 13.
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Kalof, L., Whitley, C.T. (2021). Animals in Environmental Sociology. In: Schaefer Caniglia, B., Jorgenson, A., Malin, S.A., Peek, L., Pellow, D.N., Huang, X. (eds) Handbook of Environmental Sociology. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77712-8_14
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