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A History of Psychological Treatment in the Criminal Justice System

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Abstract

This chapter reviews the history of treatment in prisons. We begin by briefly reviewing the origin of laws and prisons, and then focus on the development of treatments in the twentieth century to more recent advances. Until quite recently, attempts at rehabilitating offenders were primarily punitive. Then, in the nineteenth century, along with punishment, attempts were made to correct the character of the individual, an idea that was predicated on offending being a failure of morals. We then discuss the influential 1974 Martinson article reviewing prison-based treatments, the conclusion of which can be summarized as “nothing works.” This led to a regression in treating offenders to a risk-containment model. In recent years, there appears more research examining whether and if so how, treatment for offenders could be made maximally effective. In the early 1990s, Andrews and Bonta described the necessary principles for effective offender treatment, the Risk/Needs/Responsivity model. The most recent evolution has been to incorporate a more positive approach to the treatment of offenders, which includes strengths-based approaches such as the Good Lives Model. An examination of a more positive approach to offender treatment appears promising.

“Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto”, or “I am human, and I think nothing human is alien to me.”

—Terence (195 BCE)

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rockwood Psychotherapy and Consulting, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Liam E. Marshall

  2. Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada

    Rebecca Fisico

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  1. Liam E. Marshall
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  2. Rebecca Fisico
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Correspondence to Liam E. Marshall .

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  1. Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA

    Elizabeth Jeglic  & Cynthia Calkins  & 

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Marshall, L.E., Fisico, R. (2022). A History of Psychological Treatment in the Criminal Justice System. In: Jeglic, E., Calkins, C. (eds) Handbook of Issues in Criminal Justice Reform in the United States. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77565-0_21

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77565-0_21

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