Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Polymer Nanocomposite Films Based on Two-Dimensional Materials for Photocatalytic Applications

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Green Photocatalytic Semiconductors

Part of the book series: Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology ((GCST))

Abstract

2D material-based polymer nanocomposites are potential contenders for the development of photocatalytic structure for ecological remediation. It is a tactical way in the direction of the advancement of innovative photocatalytic materials involving synergistic combination of the distinctive properties of 2D nanostructures along with the outstanding advantages offered by polymer. The exclusive properties of 2D materials which make them promising photocatalytic materials include their tunable atomic thickness, larger surface-to-volume ratio, superior electron mobility and high light absorption capacity. Further, the band gap of 2D materials can be altered through various modifications to extend the photo-response range from UV (~390 nm) to visible light (~480 nm). Combination of polymers with 2D materials address the challenges confronted by 2D materials related to stability, agglomeration, and recovery issues. Polymers help in immobilization, provide chemical, mechanical and environmental stability to photocatalytic material, simplify the recovery of photocatalytic material which overall reduces the commercial cost of the material. The chapter recaps the state-of-the-art construction of 2D material-based polymer nanocomposites. The emphasis is on the recent innovations in photocatalytic functions of 2D material/polymer nanostructures involving graphene, 2D transitional metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and transition metal oxides (TMOs).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Zou ZJ, Ye K, Sayama H (2001) Direct splitting of water under visible light irradiation with an oxide semiconductor photocatalyst. Nature 414(6864):625–627. https://doi.org/10.1038/414625a

  2. Li Y, Wang H, Xie L, Liang Y, Hong G, Dai HJ (2011) MoS2 nanoparticles grown on graphene: an advanced catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Am Chem Soc 133:7296–7299. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja201269b

  3. Boyjoo Y, Sun H, Liu J, Pareek VK, Wang S (2017) A review on photocatalysis for air treatment: from catalyst development to reactor design. Chem Eng J 310:537–559

    Google Scholar 

  4. Zhang Y, Sivakumar M, Yang S, Enever K, Ramezanianpour M (2018) Application of solar energy in water treatment processes: A review. Desalination 428:116–145

    Google Scholar 

  5. Schultz DM, Yoon TP (2014) Solar synthesis: prospects in visible light photocatalysis. Science 343:1239176

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kudo A, Miseki Y (2009) Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 38:253–278

    Google Scholar 

  7. Martin DJ, Liu GG, Moniz SJA, Bi YP, Beale AM, Ye JH, Tang JW (2015) Efficient visible driven photocatalyst, silver phosphate: performance, understanding and perspective. Chem Soc Rev 44:7808–7828

    Google Scholar 

  8. Di J, Xia JX, Yin S, Xu H, Xu L, Xu YG, He MQ, Li HM (2014) Preparation of sphere-like g-C3N4/BiOI photocatalysts via a reactable ionic liquid for visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. J Mater Chem A 2:5340–5351

    Google Scholar 

  9. Jia J, Wu Y, Ding Z, Li X (2016) Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotubes/chitosan composite foam with enhanced elastic property. Carbohyd Polym 136:1288–1296

    Google Scholar 

  10. Rajesh R, Hariharasubramanian A, Sethilkumar A, Ravichandran YD (2012) Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of hibiscus rosasinensis extract. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4(4):716–720

    Google Scholar 

  11. Guirguis OW, Moselhey MTH (2012) Thermal and structural studies of poly (vinyl alcohol) and hydroxypropyl cellulose blends. Nat Sci 4(1):57–67

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gupta J, Singhal P, Rattan S (2020) Chitosan/Nanographite platlets (NGPs)/ Tungsten trioxide (WO3) Nanocomposites for visible light driven photocatalytic applications. Springer Proc Phys Book 256:23–34

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lee YY, Jung HS, Kang YT (2017) A review: effect of nanostructures on photocatalytic CO2 conversion over metal oxides and compound semiconductors. J Carbon Dioxide Util 20:163–177

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wang Q, Hisatomi T, Suzuki Y, Pan Z, Seo J, Katayama M, Minegishi T, Nishiyama H, Takata T, Seki K (2017) Particulate photocatalyst sheets based on carbon conductor layer for ffficient Z-Scheme pure-water splitting at ambient pressure. J Am Chem Soc 139:1675–1683

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hisatomi T, Kubota J, Domen K (2014) Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 43:7520–7535

    Google Scholar 

  16. Su T, Shao Q, Qin Z, Guo Z, Wu Z (2018) Magnetic switch of permeability for polyelectrolyte microcapsules embedded with Co@ Au nanoparticles. ACS Catal 8:2253–2276

    Google Scholar 

  17. Li Y, Li YL, Sa B, Ahuja R (2017) Review of two-dimensional materials for photocatalytic water splitting from a theoretical perspective. Catal Sci Technol 7:545–559

    Google Scholar 

  18. Acar C, Dincer I, Naterer GF (2016) Review of photocatalytic water-splitting methods for sustainable hydrogen production. Int J Energy Res 40:1449–1473

    Google Scholar 

  19. Tewari VK, Zhang Y (2015) Modeling, characterization, and production of nanomaterials. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, pp 477–524

    Google Scholar 

  20. Peng R, Ma Y, Huang B, Dai Y (2019) Two-dimensional Janus PtSSe for photocatalytic water splitting under the visible or infrared light. J Mater Chem A 7:603–610

    Google Scholar 

  21. Wang J, Waters JL, Kung P, Kim KM, Kelly JT, McNamara LE, Hammer NI, Pemberton BC, Schmehl RH, Gupta A (2017) A facile electrochemical reduction method for improving photocatalytic performance of α-Fe2 O3 photoanode for solar water splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:381–390

    Google Scholar 

  22. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696):666–669

    Google Scholar 

  23. Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6(3):183–191

    Google Scholar 

  24. Geim AK (2009) Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324(5934):1530–1534

    Google Scholar 

  25. Li Q, Guo B, Yu J, Ran J, Zhang B, Yan H, Gong J (2011) Highly efficient visible-lightdriven photocatalytic hydrogen production of CdS-cluster-decorated graphene nanosheets. J Am Chem Soc 133:1078–10884

    Google Scholar 

  26. Jia L, Wang DH, Huang YX, Xu AW, Yu HQ (2011) Highly durable N-doped graphene/CdS nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water under visible light irradiation. J Phys Chem C 115:11466–11473

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang H, Lv X, Li Y, Wang Y, Li J (2010) P25-graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst. ACS Nano 4:380–386

    Google Scholar 

  28. Jo YK, Lee JM, Son S, Hwang SJ (2019) 2D Inorganic nanosheet-based hybrid photocatalysts:design, applications, and perspective. J Photochem Photobio C Photochem Rev 40:150–190

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rao CNR, Raveau B (1998) Transition metal oxides. Wiley–VCH, New York

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fierro JLG (ed) (2006) Metal oxides: chemistry and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  31. Jackson SD, Hargreaves JSJ (2009) Metal oxide catalysis. Wiley–VCH, Weinheim, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cox PA (2010) Transition metal oxides: an introduction to their electronic structures and properties. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gong Y, Zhou MF, Andrews L (2009) Spectroscopic and theoretical studies of transition metal oxides and dioxygen complexes. Chem Rev 109:6765–6808

    Google Scholar 

  34. Payne DJ (2008) The electronic structure of post–transition metal oxides. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  35. Pârvulescu VI, Marcu V (2006) Surface and nanomolecular catalysis (Richards R (ed)). CRC Press, Boca Roton, Florida

    Google Scholar 

  36. Anpo M, Dohshi S, Kitano M, Hu Y, Takeuchi M, Matsuoka M (2005) The preparation and characterization of highly efficient titanium oxide-based photofunctional materials. Ann Rev Mater Res 35:1–27

    Google Scholar 

  37. Krol RV, Liang Y, Schoonman J (2018) Solar hydrogen production with nanostructured metal oxides. J Mater Chem 18:2311–2320

    Google Scholar 

  38. Somorjai GA, Frei H, Park JY (2009) Advancing the frontiers in nanocatalysis, biointerfaces, and renewable energy conversion by innovations of surface techniques. J Am Chem Soc 131:16589–16605

    Google Scholar 

  39. Youngblood WJ, Lee SHA, Maeda S, Mallouk SE (2009) Visible light water splitting using dye-sensitized oxide semiconductors. Acc Chem Res 42:1966–1973.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Zhang H, Chen G, Bahnemann DW (2009) Photoelectrocatalytic materials for environmental applications. J Mater Chem 19:5089–5121

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kitano M, Hara M (2009) Bismuth-doped oxide glasses as potential solar spectral converters and concentrators. J Mater Chem 20:627–630

    Google Scholar 

  42. Valdés A, Brillet J, Grätzel M, Gudmundsdótti H, Hansen HA, Jónsson H, Klüpfel P, Kroes GJ, Formal FL, Man IC, Martins RS, Nørskov JK, Rossmeisl J, Sivula K, Vojvodic A, Zäch M (2012) Solar hydrogen production with semiconductor metal oxides: new directions in experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14:49–70

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kubacka A, Fernández-García M, Colón GM (2012) Advanced nanoarchitectures for solar photocatalytic applications. Chem Rev 112:1555–1614

    Google Scholar 

  44. Kumar B, Llorente M, Froehlich J, Dang T, Sathrum A, Kubiak CP (2012) Photochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2. Annu Rev Phys Chem 63:541–569

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hu JS, Ren LL, Guo YG, Liang HP, Cao AM, Wan LJ, Bai CL (2005) Mass production and high photocatalytic activity of ZnS nanoporous nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed 117(8):1295–1299

    Google Scholar 

  46. Reber JF, Meier K (1984) Photochemical production of hydrogen with zinc sulfidesuspensions. J Phys Chem 88(24):5903–6591. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150668a032

  47. Sathish M, Viswanathan B, Viswanath R (2006) Alternate synthetic strategy for the preparation of CdS nanoparticles and its exploitation for water splitting. Int J Hydrog Energy 31(7):891–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.08.002

  48. Yin H, Wada Y, Kitamura T, Yanagida S (2001) Photoreductive dehalogenation of halogenated benzene derivatives using ZnS or CdS nanocrystallites as photocatalysts. Environ Sci Technol 35(1):227–231. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001114d

  49. Mak KF, Lee C, Hone J, Shan J, Heinz TF (2010) Atomically thin MoS2: a new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys Rev Lett 105 (13):136805

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kalantar–zadeh K, Ou KZ, Daeneke T, Strano MS, Pumera M, Gras SL (2015) Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides in biosystems. Adv Funct Mater 25(32):5086

    Google Scholar 

  51. Haque F, Daeneke T, Kalantar–zadeh K (2018) Two-Dimensional transition metal oxide and chalcogenide-based photocatalysts. Nano Micro Lett 10:23

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ling V, Siong E, Tai XH, Lee KM, Juan JC, Lai CW (2020) Unveiling the enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic properties of reduced graphene oxide for photodegradation of methylene blue dye. RSC Adv 10:37905

    Google Scholar 

  53. Liu X, Wang Z, Wu Z, Liang Z, Guo Y, Xue Y, Tian J, Cui H (2019) Integrating the Z-scheme heterojunction into a novel Ag2O@rGO@reduced TiO2 photocatalyst: Broadened light absorption and accelerated charge separation co-mediated highly efficient UV/visible/NIR light photocatalysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 538:689–698

    Google Scholar 

  54. Singh M (2018) Boron doped graphene oxide with enhanced photocatalytic activity for organic pollutants. J Photochem Photobiol A 364:130–139

    Google Scholar 

  55. Jin Y (2020) Band gap of reduced graphene oxide tuned by controlling functional groups. J Mater Chem C 8(14):4885–4894

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ahuja P, Ujjain SK, Arora I, Samim M (2018) Hierarchically grown NiO-decorated polyaniline-reduced graphene oxide composite for ultrafast sunlight-driven photocatalysis. ACS Omega 3(7):7846–7855. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00765

  57. Deng DH, Novoselov KS, Fu Q, Zheng NF, Tian ZQ, Bao XH (2016) Catalysis with two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures. Nat Nanotechnol 11:218–230

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sun YF, Gao S, Lei FC, Xiao C, Xie Y (2015) Ultrathin two-dimensional inorganic materials: new opportunities for solid state nanochemistry.  Acc Chem Res 48:3–12

    Google Scholar 

  59. Zhang XD, Xie Y (2013) Recent advances in free-standing two-dimensional crystals with atomic thickness: design, assembly and transfer strategies. Chem Soc Rev 42:8187–8199

    Google Scholar 

  60. Ramalingam G, Kathirgamanathan P, Ravi G, Elangovan T, Kumar BA, Manivannan N, Kasinathan K (2020) Quantum confinement effect of 2D nanomaterials, quantum dots—fundamental and applications. Faten Divsar IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90140

  61. Luo B, Liu G, Wang L (2016) Recent advances in 2D materials for photocatalysis. Nanoscale 8(13):6904–6920. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr00546b

  62. Li Y, Gao C, Long R, Xiong Y (2019) Photocatalyst design based on two-dimensional materials. Mater Today Chem 11:197–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2018.11.002

  63. Yaqoob AA, Noor NH, Serrà A, Ibrahim ANM (2020) Advances and challenges in developing efficient graphene oxide-based ZnO photocatalysts for dye photo-oxidation. Nanomaterials (Basel) 10(5):932. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050932

  64. Wang H, Liu X, Niu P, Wang S, Shi J, Li L (2020) Porous two-dimensional materials for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications. Matter 2:1377–1413

    Google Scholar 

  65. Zhao X, Li D, Zhang T, Conrad B, Wang L, Soeriyadi AH, Barnett A (2017) Short circuit current and efficiency improvement of SiGe solar cell in a GaAsP-SiGe dual junction solar cell on a Si substrate. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 159:86–93

    Google Scholar 

  66. Qin D, Zhou Y, Wang W, Zhang C, Zeng G, Huang D, Wang L, Wang H, Yang Y, Lei L, Chenab S, Heab D (2020) Recent advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for photocatalytic reduction of CO2: insights into performance, theories and perspective. J Mater Chem A 8:19156–19195

    Google Scholar 

  67. Liang Q, Li Z, Huang ZH, Kang F, Yang QH (2015) Holey graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets with carbon vacancies for highly improved photocatalytic hydrogen production. Adv Funct Mater 25:6885–6892

    Google Scholar 

  68. Allen MR, Thibert A, Sabio EM, Browning ND, Larsen DS, Osterloh FE (2010) Evolution of physical and photocatalytic properties in the layered titanates A2Ti4O9 (A=K, H) and in nanosheets derived by chemical exfoliation. Chem Mater 22:1220–1228

    Google Scholar 

  69. Dong X, Cheng F (2015) Recent development in exfoliated two-dimensional g-C3N4 nanosheets for photocatalytic applications. J Mater Chem A 3:23642–23652

    Google Scholar 

  70. Singh AK, Mathew K, Zhuang HL, Hennig RG (2015) Computational screening of 2D materials for photocatalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 6:1087–1098

    Google Scholar 

  71. Jo YK, Kim IY, Gunjakar JL, Lee JM, Lee NS, Lee SH, Hwang SJ (2014) Unique properties of 2D layered titanate nanosheets as a building block for the optimization of the photocatalytic activity and photostability of TiO2-based nanohybrids. Chem Eur J 32:10011–10019

    Google Scholar 

  72. Kim IY, Jo YK, Lee JM, Wang L, Hwang SJ (2014) Unique advantages of exfoliated 2D nanosheets for tailoring the functionalities of nanocomposites. J Phys Chem Lett 5:4149–4161

    Google Scholar 

  73. Ballard DGH, Rideal GR (1983) Flexible inorganic films and coatings. J Mater Sci 18:545–561

    Google Scholar 

  74. Ghosh HN (2007) Effect of strong coupling on interfacial electron transfer dynamics in dyesensitized TiO2 semiconductor nanoparticles. J Chem Sci 119:205–215

    Google Scholar 

  75. Wieckowsi A (1999) Interfacial electrochemistry: theory, experiment, and applications. CRC Press

    Google Scholar 

  76. Wang QH, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kis A, Coleman JN, Strano MS (2012) Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat Nanotechnol 7:699–712

    Google Scholar 

  77. Sasaki N, Ebina Y, Kakada T, Sasaki S (2004) Electronic band structure of titania semiconductor nanosheets revealed by electrochemical and photoelectrochemical studies. J Am Chem Soc 126:5851–5858

    Google Scholar 

  78. Baugher BWH, Churchill HO, Yang Y, Jarillo-Herrero P (2013) Intrinsic electronic transport properties of high-quality monolayer and bilayer MoS2. Nano Lett 13:4212–4216

    Google Scholar 

  79. Kim SJ, Kim IY, Patil SB, Oh SM, Lee NS, Hwang SJ (2014) Composition-tailored 2D Mn1xRuxO2 nanosheets and their reassembled nanocomposites: Improvement of electrode performance upon Ru substitutio. Chem Eur J 20:5132–5140

    Google Scholar 

  80. Dong X, Osada M, Ueda H, Ebina Y, Kotani Y, Ono K, Ueda S, Kobayashi K, Takada K, Sasaki T (2009) Synthesis of Mn-substituted titania nanosheets and ferromagnetic thin films with controlled doping. Chem Mater 21:4366–4373

    Google Scholar 

  81. Asai R, Nemoto H, Jia Q, Saito K, Iwase A, Kudo A (2014) A visible light responsive rhodium and antimony-codoped SrTiO3 powdered photocatalyst loaded with an IrO2 cocatalyst for solar water splitting. Chem Commun 50:2543–2546

    Google Scholar 

  82. Liu Y, Zhou W, Liang Y, Cui W, Wu P (2015) Tailoring band structure of TiO2 to enhance photoelectrochemical activity by codoping S and Mg. J Phys Chem C 119:11557–11562

    Google Scholar 

  83. Lee JM, Jin HB, Kim IY, Jo YK, Hwang JW, Wang JK, Kim MG, Kim YR, Hwang SJ (2015) A crucial role of Rh substituent ion in photoinduced internal electron transfer and enhanced photocatalytic activity of CdS/Ti(5.2-x)/6Rhx/2O2 nanohybrids.  Nanohybrids 11:5771–5780

    Google Scholar 

  84. Wang F, Li W, Gu S, Li H, Wu X, Liu X (2016) Samarium and nitrogen co-doped Bi2WO6 photocatalysts: Synergistic effect of Sm3+/Sm2+ redox centers and N-doped level for enhancing visible-light photocatalytic activity. Chem Eur J 22:12859–12867

    Google Scholar 

  85. Xu J, Teng Y, Teng Y (2016) Effect of surface defect states on valence band and charge separation and transfer efficiency. Sci Rep 6:32457

    Google Scholar 

  86. Zhao H, Pan F, Li Y (2017) A review on the effects of TiO2 surface point defects on CO2 photoreduction with H2O. J Materiomics 3:17–32

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kim IY, Park S, Kim H, Park S, Ruoff RS (2014) Hwang strongly-coupled freestanding hybrid films of graphene and layered titanate nanosheets: An effective way to tailor the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of graphene film. J Adv Funct Mater 24:2288–2294

    Google Scholar 

  88. Pan L, Zou JJ, Wang S, Huang ZF, Yu A, Wang L, Zhang X (2013) Quantum dot self decorated TiO2 nanosheets. Chem Commun 49:6593–6595

    Google Scholar 

  89. Kaur J, Gravagnuolo AM, Maddalena P, Altucci C, Giardina P, Gesuele F (2017) Green synthesis of luminescent and defect-free bio-nanosheets of MoS2: Interfacing two-dimensional crystals with hydrophobins RSC Adv 7:22400–22408

    Google Scholar 

  90. Xingfu Z, Zhaolin H, Yiqun F, Su C, Weiping C, Nanping X (2008) Microspheric organization of multilayered ZnO nanosheets with hierarchically porous structures J Phys Chem C 112:11722–11728

    Google Scholar 

  91. Wang C, Zhao Y, Liu J, Gong P, Li X, Zhao Y, Yue G, Zhou G (2016) Highly hierarchical porous structures constructed from NiO nanosheets act as Li ion and O2 pathways in long cycle life, rechargeable Li-O2 batteries. Chem Commun 52:11772–11774

    Google Scholar 

  92. Park SK, Lee J, Bong S, Jang B, Seong KD, Piao Y (2016) Scalable synthesis of few layer MoS2 incorporated into hierarchical porous carbon nanosheets for high-performance Li and Na-ion battery anodes. Appl Mater Interfaces 8:19456–19465

    Google Scholar 

  93. Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, Choi W, Bahnemann DW (1995) Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95:69–96

    Google Scholar 

  94. Keshavarzi N, Cao S, Antonietti M (2020) A new conducting polymer with exceptional visible‐light photocatalytic activity derived from barbituric acid polycondensation. Adv Mater 32(16):1907702

    Google Scholar 

  95. Liras M, Barawi M, Víctor A (2019) Hybrid materials based on conjugated polymers and inorganic semiconductors as photocatalysts: from environmental to energy applications. Chem Soc Rev 48:5454–5487

    Google Scholar 

  96. Sprick RS, Jiang JX, Bonillo B, Ren SJ, Ratvijitvech T, Guiglion P, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI (2015) Bimodal heterogeneous functionality in redox-active conjugated microporous polymer toward electrocatalytic oxygen reduction and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Am Chem Soc 137:3265–3270

    Google Scholar 

  97. Das S, Mahalingam H (2019) Reusable floating polymer nanocomposites photocatalyst for the efficient treatment of dye wastewater under scaled-up conditions in batch and recirculation mode. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 94:2597–2608

    Google Scholar 

  98. Hagfeldt A, Grätzel M (1995) Light-induced reactions in nanocrystalline systems. Chem Rev 95:49–68

    Google Scholar 

  99. Anne M, Dulay M T (1993) Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Chem Rev 93(1): 341–357

    Google Scholar 

  100. Zhang H, Chen G, Bahnemann DW (2009) Photoelectrocatalytic materials for environmental applications. J Mater Chem 19(29):5089–5121

    Google Scholar 

  101. Pelaez M, Nolan NT, Pillai SC, Seery MK, Falaras P (2012) A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications. Appl Catal B 125(33):331–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.05.036

  102. Akpan U, Hameed B (2009) Parameters affecting the photocatalytic degradation of dyes using TiO2-based photocatalysts: a review. J Hazard Mater 170(2):520–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.039

  103. Meng X, Zhang Z, Li X (2015) Synergetic photoelectrocatalytic reactors for environmental remediation: a review. J Photochem Photobiol C 24:83–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.07.003

  104. Soltani N, Elias S, Hussein MZ (2012) Visible light-induced degradation of methylene blue in the presence of photocatalytic ZnS and CdS nanoparticles Int J Mol Sci 13(12):12242–12258

    Google Scholar 

  105. Torres–Martínez CL, Kho R, Mian OI, Mehra RK (2001) Efficient photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants with mass-produced ZnS nanocrystals. J Colloid Interface Sci 240(2):525–532

    Google Scholar 

  106. Pouretedal HR, Norozi A, Keshavarz MH, Semnani A (2009) Nanoparticles of zinc sulfide doped with manganese, nickel and copper as nanophotocatalyst in the degradation of organic dyes. J Hazard Mater 162(2–3):674–681

    Google Scholar 

  107. Zhou P, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2014) All-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalytic systems. Adv Mater 26:4920–4935

    Google Scholar 

  108. Maeda K (2013) Z-scheme water splitting using two different semiconductor photocatalysts. ACS Catal 3:1486–1503

    Google Scholar 

  109. Bard AJ (1979) Photoelectrochemistry and heterogeneous photocatalysts at semiconductors. J Photochem 10:59–75

    Google Scholar 

  110. Zheng D, Pang C, Wang X (2015) The function-led design of Z-scheme photocatalytic systems based on hollow carbon nitride semiconductors. Chem Commun 51:17467–17470

    Google Scholar 

  111. Iwase A, Yoshino S, Takayama T, Ng YH, Amal R, Kudo A (2016) Water splitting and CO2 reduction under visible light irradiation using Z-scheme systems consisting of metal sulfides, CoOx-loaded BiVO4 and a reduced graphene oxide electron mediator. J Am Chem Soc 138:10260–10264

    Google Scholar 

  112. Zhang Z, Wang W, Wang L, Sun S (2012) Enhancement of visible-light photocatalysis by coupling with narrow-band-gap semiconductor. Appl Mater Interfaces 4:593–597

    Google Scholar 

  113. Georgieva J, Armyanov S, Valova E, Poulios I, Sotiropoulos S (2007) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of electrosynthesised tungsten trioxide/ titanium dioxide bi-layer coatings under ultraviolet and visible light illumination. Electrochem Commun 9:365–370

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hou Y, Li XY, Zhao QD, Quan X, Chen GH (2009) Fabrication of Cu2O/TiO2 nanotube heterojunction arrays and investigation of its photoelectrochemical behavior. Appl Phys Lett 95:093108

    Google Scholar 

  115. Walter MG, Warren EL, Mckone JR, Boettcher SW, Mi Q, Santori EA, Lewis NS (2010) Fabrication of Cu2O/TiO2 nanotube heterojunction arrays and investigation of its photoelectrochemical behavior Chem Rev 110:6446–6473

    Google Scholar 

  116. Wang H, Zhang L, Chen Z, Hu J, Li S, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang X (2014) Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. Chem Soc Rev 43:5234–5244

    Google Scholar 

  117. Wojtyła S, Baran T (2017) Photosensitization and photocurrent switching effects in wide band gap semiconductors J Inorg Organomet Polym 27:436–445

    Google Scholar 

  118. Zhang Y, Zhang N, Tang ZR, Xu YJ (2012)  Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen-production performance of graphene-Zn(x)Cd(1-x)S composites by using an organic S source. ACS Nano 6(11):9777–9789

    Google Scholar 

  119. Dong, Fan & Ni, Zilin & Li, Peidong & Wu, Zhongbiao. (2015) New J Chem 39. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ00351B

  120. Rahimi K, Yazdani A (2018) Improving photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanorods: a comparison between thermal decomposition of zinc acetate under vacuum and in ambient air. Mater Sci Semicond Process 80:38–43

    Google Scholar 

  121. Ruess R, Ringleb R, Nonomura K, Vlachopoulos N, Wittstock G, Schlettwein D (2019) Diverging surface reactions at TiO2- or ZnO-based photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 21:13047–13057

    Google Scholar 

  122. Ansaria O, Sajid MK, Ansaria SJ, Cho MH (2015) Polythiophene nanocomposites for photodegradation applications. J Saudi Chem Soc 19:494–504

    Google Scholar 

  123. Kaur Z, Komal N, Gupta K, Kumar S, Tikoo V, Singhal KB, Goel N (2019) Time-dependent DFT and experimental study on visible light photocatalysis by metal oxides of Ti, V and Zn after complexing with a conjugated polymer. New J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nj04729d

  124. Merkulov DVŠ, Despotovi VN, Bani ND, Armakovi SJ, Fincur NL, Lazerevi MJ, Cetojevic–Simin DD, Orcic DZ, Radoicic MB, Šaponjic ZV (2018) Photocatalytic decomposition of selected biologically active compounds in environmental waters using TiO2/polyaniline nanocomposites kinetics, toxicity and intermediates assessment. Environ Pollut 239:457–465

    Google Scholar 

  125. Xu Y, Ma Y, Ji X, Huang S, Xia J, Xie M, Yan J, Xu H, Li H (2019)Conjugated conducting polymer PANI decorated Bi12O17Cl2 photocatalyst with extended light response range and enhanced photoactivity. Appl Surf Sci 464:552–561

    Google Scholar 

  126. Chen F, An W, Li Y, Liang Y, Cui W (2018) Fabricating 3D porous PANI/TiO2–graphene hydrogel for the enhanced UV-light photocatalytic degradation of BPA. Appl Surf Sci 27:123–132

    Google Scholar 

  127. Xu S, Han Y, Xu Y, Meng H, Xu J, Wu J, Xu Y, Zhan X (2017) Fabrication of polyaniline sensitized grey-TiO2 nanocomposites and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Sep Purif Technol 184:248–256

    Google Scholar 

  128. Deng Y, Tang L, Zeng G, Dong H, Yan M, Wang J, Hu W, Wang J, Zhou Y, Tang J (2016) Enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance of polyaniline modified mesoporous single crystal TiO2 microsphere. Appl Surf Sci 387:882–893

    Google Scholar 

  129. Wu H, Lin S, Chen C, Liang W, Liu X, Yang H (2016) A new ZnO/rGO/polyaniline ternary nanocomposite as photocatalyst with improved photocatalytic activity. Mater Res Bull 83:434–441

    Google Scholar 

  130. Ghosh MS, Kouame NA, Ramos L, Remita S, Dazzin A, Deniset-Besseau A, Beaunier B, Goubard F, Aubert PH, Remita H (2015) Conducting polymer nanostructures for photocatalysis under visible light. Nat Mater 14:505–511

    Google Scholar 

  131. Xiang Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Hou H, Dai K, Huang Q, Chen H (2018) Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of TiO2 assisted by organic semiconductors: a structure optimization strategy of conjugated polymers. J Mater Chem A 6(1):153–159. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta09374h

  132. Zhou K, Zhu Y, Yang X, Jiang X, Li C (2011) Preparation of graphene–TiO2 composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity. New J Chem 35:353–359. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0NJ00623H

  133. Seema H, Kemp KC, Chandra V, Kim KS (2012) Graphene–SnO2 composites for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under sunlight. Nanotechnology 23:355705. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/35/355705

  134. Wang J, Tsuzuki T, Tang B, Hou X, Sun L, Wang X (2012) Reduced graphene Oxide/ZnO composite: reusable adsorbent for pollutant management. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:3084–3090. https://doi.org/10.1021/am300445f

  135. Zhou X, Shi T, Zhou H (2012) Hydrothermal preparation of ZnO-reduced graphene oxide hybrid with high performance in photocatalytic degradation. Appl Surf Sci 258:6204–6211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.02.131

  136. Liu X, Cong R, Cao L, Liu S, Cui H (2014) The structure, morphology and photocatalytic activity of graphene–TiO2 multilayer films and charge transfer at the interface. New J Chem 38:2362–2367. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NJ01003A

  137. Raghavan N, Thangavel S, Venugopal G (2015) ) Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by reduced graphene-oxide/titanium dioxide/zinc oxide ternary nanocomposites. Mater Sci Semicond Process 30:321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2014.09.019

  138. Han S, Hu L, Liang Z, Wageh S, Al–Ghamdi AA, Chen Y, Fang X (2014) One-Step hydrothermal synthesis of 2D hexagonal nanoplates of α-Fe2O3/graphene composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity adv funct mater 24:5719–5727

    Google Scholar 

  139. Chen C, Cai W, Long M, Zhou B, Wu Y, Wu D (2010) Synthesis of visible-Light Responsive Graphene Oxide/TiO2 composites with p/n Heterojunction. Feng Y ACS Nano 4:6425–6432. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn102130m

  140. Lv T, Pan L, Liu X, Lu T, Zhu G (2011) Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by ZnO-reduced graphene oxide composite synthesized via microwave-assisted reaction. J Alloys Compd 509:10086–10091

    Google Scholar 

  141. Sun J, Zhang H, Guo LH, Zhao L (2013) Two-dimensional interface engineering of a Titania–Graphene nanosheet composite for improved photocatalytic activity. Acs Appl Mater Inter 5:13035–13041

    Google Scholar 

  142. Dai K, Lu L, Liang C, Liu Q, Zhu Q (2014) Heterojunction of facet coupled g-C3N4/surface-fluorinated TiO2 nanosheets for organic pollutants degradation under visible LED light irradiation. Appl Catal B Environ 156:331–340

    Google Scholar 

  143. Guo W, Zhang F, Lin C, Wang ZL (2012) Direct growth of TiO2 nanosheet arrays on carbon fibers for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. Adv Mater 24:4761–4764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Lee HU, Lee SC, Won J, Son BC, Choi S, Kim Y, Park SY, Kim HS, Lee YC, Lee J (2015) Stable semiconductor black phosphorus (BP)@titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid photocatalysts. Sci Rep 5

    Google Scholar 

  145. Dai K, Lu L, Liu Q, Zhu G, Liu Q, Liu Z (2014) Graphene oxide capturing surface-fluorinated TiO2 nanosheets for advanced photocatalysis and the reveal of synergism reinforce mechanism. Dalton Trans 5(43):2202–2210

    Google Scholar 

  146. Sharma S, Khare N (2018) Sensitization of narrow band gap Bi2S3 hierarchical nanostructures with polyaniline for its enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance. Colloid Polym Sci 296:1479–1489

    Google Scholar 

  147. Oshima T, Ishitani S, Maeda K (2014) Non-sacrificial water photo-oxidation activity of lamellar calcium niobate induced by exfoliation. Adv Mater Interfaces 1:1400131

    Google Scholar 

  148. Zhang L, Sun L, Liu S, Huang Y, Xu K, Ma K (2016) Effective charge separation and enhanced photocatalytic activity by the heterointerface in MoS2/reduced graphene oxide composites. RSC Adv 6:60318–60326

    Google Scholar 

  149. Jo WK, Adinaveen T, Vijaya JJ, Selvam VV (2016) Synthesis of MoS2 nanosheet supported Z-scheme TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalysts for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic water pollutants. RSc Adv 6:10487–10497

    Google Scholar 

  150. Koyyadaa G, Prabhakar SV, Jaesool SS, Veerenda S, Junga CJ (2019) Enhanced solar light-driven photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and hydrogen evolution over exfoliated hexagonal WS2 platelets. 109:246–254

    Google Scholar 

  151. Ashrafa W, Bansala S, Singh V, Barmanb S, Khanuja M (2020) BiOCl/WS2 hybrid nanosheet (2D/2D) heterojunctions for visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of organic/inorganic water pollutants. RSC Adv 10:25073–25088

    Google Scholar 

  152. Lee WPC, Tan LL, Sumathi S, Chai SP (2018) Copper-doped flower-like molybdenum disulfide/bismuth sulfide photocatalysts for enhanced solar water splitting. J Hydrogen Energy 43:748–756

    Google Scholar 

  153. Zhang H, Zong R, Zhu Y (2009) Photocorrosion suppression of ZnO nanoparticles via hybridization with graphite-like carbon and enhanced photocatalytic activity. J Phys Chem C 113:4605–4611

    Google Scholar 

  154. Ye L, Su Y, Lin X, Xie H, Zhang C (2014) Recent advances in BiOX (X = Cl, Br and I) photocatalysts: synthesis, modification, facet effects and mechanisms. Environ Sci Nano 1:90–112

    Google Scholar 

  155. Kim J, Lee CW, Choi W (2010) Platinized WO3 as an environmental photocatalyst that generates OH radicals under visible light. Sci Technol 44:6849–6854

    Google Scholar 

  156. Liu Y, Shi Y, Liu X, Li H (2017) A facile solvothermal approach of novel Bi2S3/TiO2/RGO composites with excellent visible light degradation activity for methylene blue. Appl Surf Sci 396:58–66

    Google Scholar 

  157. Hou Y, Wen Z, Cui S, Guo X, Chen J (2013) Constructing 2D Porous Graphitic C3N4 nanosheets/nitrogen-doped graphene/layered MoS2 ternary nanojunction with enhanced photoelectrochemical activity. Adv Mater 25(43):6291–6297. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201303116

  158. Teng W, Wang YM, Lin Q, Zhu H, Tang YB, Li XY (2019) Synthesis of MoS2/TiO2 Nanophotocatalyst and its enhanced visible light driven photocatalytic performance. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 19:3519–3527

    Google Scholar 

  159. Chen P, Su S, Liu H, Wang Y (2013) Interconnected Tin disulfide nanosheets grown on graphene for Li-Ion storage and photocatalytic applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:12073–12082. https://doi.org/10.1021/am403905x

  160. Yan X, Ye K, Zhang T, Xue C, Zhang D, Ma C, Weia J, Yang G (2017) Formation of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous TiO2@nanosheet SnS2 heterojunctions for exceptional visible-light driven photocatalytic activity. New J Chem 41:8482–8489

    Google Scholar 

  161. Chauhan H, Soni K, Kumar M, Deka S (2016) Tandem photocatalysis of graphene-stacked SnS2 nanodiscs and nanosheets with efficient carrier separation. ACS Omega 1(1):127–137. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00042

  162. Liu Y, Xie S, Li H, Wang X (2014) A highly efficient sunlight driven ZnO nanosheet photocatalyst: synergetic effect of P-doping and MoS2 Atomic Layer Loading. Chem Cat Chem 6:2522–2526

    Google Scholar 

  163. Zhang Z, Huang J, Zhang M, Yuan L, Dong M (2015) Ultrathin hexagonal SnS2 nanosheets coupled with g-C3N4 nanosheets as 2D/2D heterojunction photocatalysts toward high photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal B Environ 163:298–305

    Google Scholar 

  164. Jiang Q, Lu Y, Huang Z, Hu J (2017) Facile solvent-thermal synthesis of ultrathin MoSe2 nanosheets for hydrogen evolution and organic dyes adsorption.Appl Surf Sci 402:277–285

    Google Scholar 

  165. An X, Yu JC, Tang J (2014) Biomolecule-assisted fabrication of copper doped SnS2 nanosheet–reduced graphene oxide junctions with enhanced visible-lightphotocatalytic activity. J Mater Chem A 2:1000–1005

    Google Scholar 

  166. Zhang R, Wan W, Li D, Dong F, Zhou Y (2017) Three dimensional MoS2/reduced graphene oxide aerogel as a macroscopic visible-light photocatalyst. Chin J Catal 38:313–320

    Google Scholar 

  167. Li X, Yu J, Wageh S, Al–Ghamdi AA, Xie J (2016) Graphene in photocatalysis: a review  Small 12:6640−6696

    Google Scholar 

  168. Luo W, Zafeiratos S (2017) A brief review of the synthesis and catalytic applications of graphene-coated oxides. Chem Cat Chem 9:2432–2442

    Google Scholar 

  169. Li X, Shen R, Ma S, Chen X, Xie J (2018) Graphene-based heterojunction photocatalysts. Appl Surf Sci 430:53–107

    Google Scholar 

  170. Neelgund GM, Bliznyuk VN, Oki A (2016) Photocatalytic activity and NIR laser response of polyaniline conjugated graphene nanocomposite prepared by a novel acid-less method. Appl Catal B 187:357–366

    Google Scholar 

  171. Zhang S, Li B, Wang X, Zhao G, Hu B, Lu Z, Wang X (2020) Recent developments of two-dimensional graphene-based composites in visible- light photocatalysis for eliminating persistent organic pollutants from wastewater. Chem Eng J 124642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124642

  172. Feng J, Hou Y, Wang X, Quan W, Zhang J, Wang Y, Li L (2016) In-depth study on adsorption and photocatalytic performance of novel reduced graphene oxide ZnFe2O4-polyaniline composites. J Alloys Compd 681:157–166.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.146

  173. Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewski NE, Redman CL, Wu J, Bai X, Briggs JM (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319:756–760. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150195

  174. Umar R, Ansari MO, Parveen N, Oves M, Barakat MA, Alshahri A, Khan MY, Cho MH (2016) Facile route to a conducting ternary polyaniline@TiO2/GN nanocomposite for environmentally benign applications: photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and biological activity. RSC Adv 6:111308–111317. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra24079h

  175. Biswas MRUD, Ho BS, Oh WC (2019) Eco-friendly conductive polymer-based nanocomposites, BiVO4/graphene oxide/polyaniline for excellent photocatalytic performance. Polym Bull. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02973-y

  176. Ameen S, Seo HK, Akhtar SM, Shin HS (2012) Novel graphene/polyaniline nanocomposites and its photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of rose Bengal dye. Chem Eng J 210:220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.035

  177. Zhang F, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Yang Z, Dionysiou DD, Zhu A (2018) Exceptional synergistic enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of SnS2 by coupling with polyaniline and N-doped reduced graphene oxide. Appl Catal B Environ 236:53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.05.002

  178. Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang K, Zou W and Chen S. (2016) Facile fabrication of reduced graphene oxide/CuI/PANI nanocomposites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. RSC Adv 6:44851

    Google Scholar 

  179. Vadivel S, Theerthagiri J, Madhavan J, Maruthamani D (2016) Synthesis of polyaniline/graphene oxide composite via ultrasonication method for photocatalytic applications. Mater Focus 5:393–397

    Google Scholar 

  180. Zhang L, Jamal R, Zhao Q (2015) Preparation of PEDOT/GO, PEDOT/MnO2, andPEDOT/GO/MnO2 nanocomposites and their application in catalytic degradation of methylene blueNanoscale. Res Lett 10:148

    Google Scholar 

  181. Ansari O, Kumar R, Alshahrie A, Abdel–wahab S, Sajith VK, Ansari S, Jilani A, Barakat MA, Darwesh R (2019) Anion selective pTSA doped polyaniline@ graphene oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite for Cr (VI) and Congo red adsorption. Compos Part B Eng 175:107092.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Liu Y, Yin H, Xu C, Zhuge X, Wan J (2019) Polythiophene-tungsten selenide/nitrogen-doped graphene oxide nanocomposite for visible light-driven photocatalysis. Nanopart Res 21:210.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Yu Y, Yang Q, Yu X, Lu Q, Hong X (2017) Chem Select 2 (20): 5578

    Google Scholar 

  184. Khan S, Narula AK (2018) Synthesis of the ternary photocatalyst based on ZnO sensitized graphene quantum dot reinforced with conducting polymer exhibiting photocatalytic activity. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 29(8):6337–6349

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India

    Jyoti Gupta, Prachi Singhal & Sunita Rattan

Authors
  1. Jyoti Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Prachi Singhal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sunita Rattan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sunita Rattan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Seema Garg

  2. Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Amrish Chandra

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gupta, J., Singhal, P., Rattan, S. (2022). Polymer Nanocomposite Films Based on Two-Dimensional Materials for Photocatalytic Applications. In: Garg, S., Chandra, A. (eds) Green Photocatalytic Semiconductors. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77371-7_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation