Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Steel Slag Aggregate Characteristics Evaluation as Railway Ballast

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Transportation Geotechnics IV

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ((LNCE,volume 165))

Abstract

The use of recycled materials is a new tendency in the field of railway engineering. Steel slag aggregates (SSA) are one of the recycled materials derived from the steel industry. The application of SSA in ballasted railway tracks requires mechanical examination. In the present paper, the shear behavior of the ballast layer constructed by SSA and basalt aggregates was considered to assess the use of SSA as a substitution for basalt. In this regard, a series of large-direct shear tests were performed on basalt and SSA under various normal stresses. Based on the results, basalt aggregates have higher shear resistance than SSA for all normal stress. However, steel slag has sufficient shear strength as well as particle abrasion resistance. Overall, it was proven that the SSA has suitable stability against shear forces that could be applied on railway ballast.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Prezzi M et al (2011) Use of recyclable materials in sustainable civil engineering applications. Hindawi

    Google Scholar 

  2. Yildirim IZ, Prezzi M (2011) Chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties of steel slag. Adv Civ Eng

    Google Scholar 

  3. Zumrawi MM, Khalill FO (2015) Experimental study of steel slag used as aggregate in asphalt mixture. Int J Civ Environ Eng 9(6):753–758

    Google Scholar 

  4. Brand AS, Roesler JR (2014) Concrete with steel furnace slag and fractionated reclaimed asphalt pavement. Illinois Center for Transportation

    Google Scholar 

  5. Arabani M, Azarhoosh A (2012) The effect of recycled concrete aggregate and steel slag on the dynamic properties of asphalt mixtures. Constr Build Mater 35:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ahmedzade P, Sengoz BJJOHM (2009) Evaluation of steel slag coarse aggregate in hot mix asphalt concrete. J Hazardous Mater 165(1–3):300–305

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wang G (1992) Properties and utilization of steel slag in engineering applications. Wollongong. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Wollongong

    Google Scholar 

  8. Skaf M et al (2017) EAF slag in asphalt mixes: A brief review of its possible re-use. Resour Conserv Recycl 120:176–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Association NS (2001) Steel furnace slag an ideal railroad ballast. NSA 173-3

    Google Scholar 

  10. Grubeša IN et al (2016) Characteristics and uses of steel slag in building construction. Woodhead Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dhoble YN, Ahmed S (2018) Review on the innovative uses of steel slag for waste minimization. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 20(3):1373–1382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Guo J, Bao Y, Wang M (2018) Steel slag in China: treatment, recycling, and management. Waste Manage 78:318–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Machinery D (2018) Steel slag processing

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wang GC (2016) The utilization of slag in civil infrastructure construction. Woodhead Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  15. Koh T et al (2018) A feasibility study on the application of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag for railway ballast material. Sustainability 10(2):284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hainin MR et al (2012) Steel slag as an aggregate replacement in Malaysian hot mix asphalt. ISRN Civ Eng

    Google Scholar 

  17. Khan ZA et al (2002) Review of steel slag utilization in Saudi Arabia. In: The 6th Saudi engineering conference, KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wendling LA et al (2013) Geochemical and ecotoxicological assessment of iron-and steel-making slags for potential use in environmental applications. Environ Toxicol Chem 32(11):2602–2610

    Google Scholar 

  19. Standardization E.C.F. (2013) Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineering work and road construction. EN 13242-2013-05

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kumar A (2014) Utilisation of wastes from integrated steel plant with special reference to India. Int J Eng Res Technol (IJERT) 3(1):47–52

    Google Scholar 

  21. Delgado BG et al (2019) Mechanical behavior of inert steel slag ballast for heavy haul rail track: laboratory evaluation. Transp Geotech 20:100243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kish A, Samavedam G, Wormley D (2004) Fundamentals of track lateral shift for high-speed rail applications. National Technical Information Service

    Google Scholar 

  23. Esmaeili M, Nouri R, Yousefian K (2015) Experimental comparison of the lateral resistance of tracks with steel slag ballast and limestone ballast materials. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part F J Rail Rapid Transit 231(2):175–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Esmaeili M, Yousefian K, Nouri R (2017) Vertical load distribution in ballasted railway tracks with steel slag and limestone ballasts. Int J Pavement Eng:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  25. Huang H, Tutumluer E, Dombrow W (2009) Laboratory characterization of fouled railroad ballast behavior. Transp Res Rec 2117(1):93–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Dissanayake D, Kurukulasuriya L, Dissanayake P (2016) Evaluation of shear strength parameters of rail track ballast in Sri Lanka. J Nat Sci Found Sri Lanka 44(1)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Liu J, Wang P, Liu J (2015) Macro-and micro-mechanical characteristics of crushed rock aggregate subjected to direct shearing. Transp Geotech 2:10–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Jing G et al (2015) Permeability and direct shear tests characteristics of railway subballast. Open Civ Eng J 9(1)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Danesh A, Palassi M, Mirghasemi AA (2018) Effect of sand and clay fouling on the shear strength of railway ballast for different ballast gradations. Granular Matter 20(3):51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. TolouKian AR, Sadeghi J, Zakeri JA (2018) Large-scale direct shear tests on sand-contaminated ballast. Proc Inst Civ Eng Geotech Eng 171(5):451–461

    Google Scholar 

  31. Indraratna B et al (2016) Performance improvement of rail track substructure using artificial inclusions—experimental and numerical studies. Transp Geotech

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sweta K, Hussaini SKK (2018) Effect of shearing rate on the behavior of geogrid-reinforced railroad ballast under direct shear conditions. Geotext Geomembr 46(3):251–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Indraratna B, Qi Y, Heitor A (2017) Evaluating the properties of mixtures of steel furnace slag, coal wash, and rubber crumbs used as subballast. J Mater Civ Eng 30(1):04017251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Morata M, Saborido C (2017) Recycled aggregates with enhanced performance for railways track bed and form layers. J Sustain Metallurgy 3(2):322–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kekec B et al (2017) Abrasion properties of some building stone wastes and usability for sustainability. Geo-Resour Environ Eng (GREE) 2:218–222

    Google Scholar 

  36. AREMA, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association (2015) Roadway and ballast, Part 2, Chapter 1. Manual for railway engineering, 2015, vol 1

    Google Scholar 

  37. Estaire J, Santana M (2018) Large direct shear tests performed with fresh ballast. In: Railroad ballast testing and properties. ASTM International

    Google Scholar 

  38. Al- HMB, Al- OSB (2018) A review on the angle of repose of granular materials. Powder Technol 330:397–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Financial support of this study was provided by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51578051). This support is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China

    Guoqing Jing, Peyman Aela & Qiang Zhou

  2. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands

    Wenli Jia

Authors
  1. Guoqing Jing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peyman Aela
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qiang Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wenli Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guoqing Jing .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Erol Tutumluer

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA

    Soheil Nazarian

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Imad Al-Qadi

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

    Issam I.A. Qamhia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Jing, G., Aela, P., Zhou, Q., Jia, W. (2022). Steel Slag Aggregate Characteristics Evaluation as Railway Ballast. In: Tutumluer, E., Nazarian, S., Al-Qadi, I., Qamhia, I.I. (eds) Advances in Transportation Geotechnics IV. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 165. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77234-5_37

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77234-5_37

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-77233-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-77234-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation