Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Design of Subsurface and Surface Facilities for Gas Injection

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fundamentals and Practical Aspects of Gas Injection

Part of the book series: Petroleum Engineering ((PEEN))

  • 507 Accesses

Abstract

Proper design of surface facilities in a gas injection project is of great importance from both engineering and economic points of views. A process engineer frequently deals with standards, protocols and codes in designing facilities available in the literature. In this chapter, engineering facets and basic designs of gas injection surface facilities including pipeline, compressor, intercooler and separator were introduced and discussed. A step by step procedure for initial design of different facilities were shown, and the fundamental concepts and equations for design of each facility were presented, supporting with case studies in each section so as to ensure the design effectiveness. All of the case studies were extracted from the field data, and thus, predicting these data with reliable agreement proves the proper design of facilities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The data for this case study are extracted from field data of a gas pipeline in Iran.

  2. 2.

    The data for this case study are taken from a gas compressor station in Iran.

  3. 3.

    The design data for this case study are taken from a gas compressor station in Iran.

  4. 4.

    The design data for this case study are taken from a petrochemical plant in Iran.

Abbreviations

Q:

Gas flow-rate, standard ft3/day [SCFD] or m3/day

f:

Dimensionless friction factor

P:

Pressure, Psia or KPa

G:

Gas gravity (air = 1.0)

T:

Temperature, R or K

L:

Pipe segment length, miles or Km

Z:

Gas compressibility factor at average gas temperature, dimensionless

D:

Pipe inside diameter, in or mm

E:

Pipeline efficiency

H:

Elevation, ft or m

µ:

Gas viscosity, lb/ft.s and poise

ε:

Absolute pipe roughness, in

γ:

Adiabatic or isentropic exponent, ratio of specific heats of gas, Cp/Cv

Re:

Reynolds number

Cp:

Specific heats of gas at constant pressure

Cv:

Specific heats of gas at constant volume

Wa:

Adiabatic work, ft.lb/lf of gas or J/Kg of gas

HP:

Compressor horsepower

M:

Gas mass flow-rate, lb/min

ΔH:

Compressor head, ft.lb/lb

η:

Compressor efficiency, %

Z:

Compressibility of gas at suction condition, dimensionless

ηa:

Compressor adiabatic (isentropic) efficiency

\({\dot{m}}_{g}\) :

Gas mass flow-rate, lbm/hr or Kg/hr

\({\dot{m}}_{a}\) :

Air mass flow-rate per fan, lbm/hr or Kg/hr

NFan:

Number of fans

t:

Ambient air temperature, °F or K

N:

Fan speed under simulation conditions, RPM

Nd:

Fan speed under cooler design conditions, RPM

q:

Heat transfer rate, BTU/hr or W

U:

Overall heat transfer coefficient, BTU/hr.ft2.°F or W/m2.K

A:

Heat transfer area, ft2 or m2

LMTD :

Log mean temperature difference, °F or K

F:

Temperature correction factor

h:

Inside (gas-side) heat transfer coefficient based on tube outside surface area

\({r}_{f}\) :

Combined fouling resistance, hr.ft2.°F /BTU or m2/K.W

\({r}_{m}\) :

Metal resistance, hr.ft2.°F /BTU or m2/K.W

\({N}_{Bay}\) :

Number of bays under simulation conditions

\({F}_{t}\) :

Temperature correction factor

\({u}_{t}\) :

Settling velocity, m/s

\({\rho }_{v}\) :

Vapor phase density, Kg/m3

\({\rho }_{L}\) :

Liquid phase density, Kg/m3

\({D}_{V}\) :

Minimum vessel diameter, m

References

  1. Miranda JLH, López LAA. Piping design: the fundamentals. Short Course Geotherm Drilling, Resour Dev Power Plant Organ by UNU-GTP LaGeo, St Tecla, El Salvador; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Coker AK. Ludwig’s applied process design for chemical and petrochemical plants. Gulf professional publishing; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Towler G, Sinnott R. Chemical engineering design: principles, practice and economics of plant and process design. Elsevier; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Peters MS, Timmerhaus KD, West RE. Plant design and economics for chemical engineers, vol. 4. McGraw-Hill New York; 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Institute ANS. Gas transmission and distribution piping systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  6. MohamadiBaghmolaei M, Mahmoudy M, Jafari D, MohamadiBaghmolaei R, Tabkhi F. Assessing and optimization of pipeline system performance using intelligent systems. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2014;18:64–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Menon ES. Transmission pipeline calculations and simulations manual. Gulf Professional Publishing; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Carroll JJ. Acid gas injection and carbon dioxide sequestration, vol. 42. Wiley; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Menon ES. Gas pipeline hydraulics. CRC Press; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Moshfeghian DM. How to estimate compressor efficiency. John M Campbell Co; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Moshfeghian M. Compressor calculations: Rigorous using equation of state versus shortcut method, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Campbell JM, Maddox RN. Gas conditioning and processing. vol. 121. Campbell Petroleum Series; 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Standard T, Ministry I. Engineering standard for process design of dryers original edition 2007; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Incropera FP, Dewitt DP, Bergman TL, Lavine AS. Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, 6th edn (trans: Xinshi G, Hong Y); 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kern DQ. Process heat transfer. Tata McGraw-Hill Education; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Serth RW, Lestina T. Process heat transfer: principles, applications and rules of thumb. Academic Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  17. von Karman T. The analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer. Trans Am Soc Mech Eng. 1939;61:705–10.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Mohitpour M, Golshan H, Murray MA. Pipeline design & construction: a practical approach. American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Association. GP, (U.S.) GPSA. Engineering data book : FPS version. Tulsa, Okla. (6526 E. 60th St., Tulsa 74145): Gas Processors Suppliers Association; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Cao E. Heat transfer in process engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Coulson JM, Richardson JF, Backhurst JR, Harker JH. Coulson & Richardson’s chemical engineering. Butterworth-Heinemann; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Svrcek WY, Monnery WD. Design two-phase separators within the right limits. Chem Eng Prog. 1993;89:53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bahadori A. Natural gas processing: technology and engineering design. Gulf Professional Publishing; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Shahvali A, Azin R, Zamani A. Cement design for underground gas storage well completion. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2014;18:149–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Haigh M. Well design differentiators for CO2 sequestration in depleted reservoirs. Offshore Eur.: Society of Petroleum Engineers; 2009.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  26. Benge G, Dew EG. Meeting the challenges in completion liner design and execution for two high rate acid gas injection wells. SPE Drill Complet. 2006;21:180–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Benge G. Cement designs for high-rate acid gas injection wells. In: International petroleum technology conference; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Singh BK. Well completion challenges in an extreme environment: a case study of the design, material and completion equipment selection process for extreme environments. In: Abu Dhabi International petroleum technology conference, society of petroleum engineers; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  29. King GE, King DE. Environmental risk arising from well-construction failure–differences between barrier and well failure, and estimates of failure frequency across common well types, locations, and well age. SPE Prod Oper. 2013;28:323–44.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Grimes WD, French RN, Miglin BP, Gonzalez MA, Chambers BD. The physical chemistry nature of hydrogen sulfide gas as it affects sulfide stress crack propagation in steel. Corros. 2014, NACE International; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Nygaard R, Salehi S, Weideman B, Lavoie RG. Effect of dynamic loading on wellbore leakage for the wabamun area CO2-sequestration project. J Can Pet Technol. 2014;53:69–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Mitchell RF, Miska SZ, Aadnoy BS, Adams N, Barker JW, Cunha JC, et al. Directional drilling. Fundam Drill Eng Ed Mitchell RL Miska, SZ, SPE Textb Ser; 2011, 12.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fakhr Eldin Y, Irvine-Fortescue J, Grieve J, Taoutaou S, Jain B, Al Kalbani S, et al. The use of specialized cement to ensure long term zonal isolation for sour wells in South Oman. In: International petroleum technology conference; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum, Gas and Petrochemical Engineering, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

    Reza Azin

  2. Iranian Gas Transmission Company, District 10, Bushehr, Iran

    Ahmad Banafi

Authors
  1. Reza Azin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahmad Banafi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Reza Azin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Petroleum Engineering, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

    Reza Azin

  2. Researcher, Oil and Gas Research Center, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

    Amin Izadpanahi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Azin, R., Banafi, A. (2022). Design of Subsurface and Surface Facilities for Gas Injection. In: Azin, R., Izadpanahi, A. (eds) Fundamentals and Practical Aspects of Gas Injection. Petroleum Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77200-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77200-0_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-77199-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-77200-0

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation