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Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Analysis

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Antibody Glycosylation

Part of the book series: Experientia Supplementum ((EXS,volume 112))

Abstract

Mass spectrometry and its hyphenated techniques enabled by the improvements in liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, novel ionization, and fragmentation modes are truly a cornerstone of robust and reliable protein glycosylation analysis. Boost in immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycan and glycopeptide profiling demands for both applied biomedical and research applications has brought many new advances in the field in terms of technical innovations, sample preparation, improved throughput, and confidence in glycan structural characterization. This chapter summarizes mass spectrometry basics, focusing on IgG and monoclonal antibody N-glycosylation analysis on several complexity levels. Different approaches, including antibody enrichment, glycan release, labeling, and glycopeptide preparation and purification, are covered and illustrated with recent breakthroughs and examples from the literature omitting excessive theoretical frameworks. Finally, selected highly popular methodologies in IgG glycoanalytics such as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization are discussed more thoroughly yet in simple terms making this text a practical starting point either for the beginner in the field or an experienced clinician trying to make sense out of the IgG glycomic or glycoproteomic dataset.

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Abbreviations

2-AA:

2-aminobenzoic acid (anthranilic acid)

2-AB:

2-aminobenzamide (anthranilamide)

2-AP:

2-aminopyridine

4-HCCA:

α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid

Abs:

Antibodies

ACN:

Acetonitrile

ANTS:

8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate

APS-PEG:

Aminopropylsilane-polyethylene glycol

APTS:

8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

CEC:

Capillary electrochromatography

CE–LIF:

Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection

CE–MS:

Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry

CFG:

Consortium for Functional Glycomics

CGE:

Capillary gel electrophoresis

CID:

Collision-induced dissociation

CIEF:

Capillary isoelectric focusing

Cl-CCA:

4-chloro-α-cyanocinnamic acid

CNBr:

Cyanogen bromide

CZE:

Capillary zone electrophoresis

DHB:

2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (gentisic acid)

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

EACA:

ε-aminocaproic acid

ECD:

Electron capture dissociation

EDC:

1-ethyl-3(−3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

ESI–MS:

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

ETD:

Electron transfer dissociation

EThcD:

Electron transfer/higher energy collision dissociation

Fab:

Fragment antigen-binding

FASP:

Filter-aided sample preparation

Fc:

Fragment crystallizable

Fmoc-Cl:

Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride

FT-ICR:

Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance

GlcNAc:

N-acetylglucosamine

HCD:

Higher-energy collision dissociation

HILIC:

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography

HILIC–SPE:

Solid-phase extraction using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography

HILIC–UPLC–FLR:

Hydrophilic interaction ultraperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

HOBt:

1-hydroxybenzotriazole

HPAEC:

High-pH anion exchange chromatography

IAA:

Iodoacetamide

IgE:

Immunoglobulin E

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

IgM:

Immunoglobulin M

Igs:

Immunoglobulins

IM-MS:

Ion mobility-mass spectrometry

ISD:

In-source decay

ITP:

Isotachophoresis

K a :

Equilibrium association constant

LC–MS:

Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

LDI:

Laser desorption ionization

m/z:

Mass-to-charge ratio

mAbs:

Monoclonal antibodies

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MALDI–MS:

MALDI coupled with mass spectrometry

MALDI-TOF–MS:

MALDI coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

MECC/MEKC:

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

MEEKC:

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

MRM:

Multiple reaction monitoring

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MS/MS:

Tandem mass spectrometry

NACE:

Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

nano-LC:

Nano-liquid chromatography

Neu5Gc:

N-glycolylneuraminic acid

NP-HPLC:

Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

pAbs:

Polyclonal antibodies

PGC:

Porous graphitized carbon

PGC-LC:

Porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography

PMP:

1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone

PNGase F:

Peptide:N-glycosidase F

PpL:

Protein L

ProA:

Procainamide

PTM:

Posttranslational modification

Q-TOF:

Quadrupole time-of-flight

RP:

Reversed-phase

RP-LC:

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography

SpA:

Protein A

SpG:

Protein G

TETA:

Triethylenetetramine

TFA:

Trifluoroacetic acid

TMT:

Tandem mass tag

TOF:

Time-of-flight

UPLC®:

Ultra performance liquid chromatography

(U)HPLC–FLR–MS:

(ultra)high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection coupled to mass spectrometry

ZIC-HILIC:

Zwitterionic hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatography

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  1. Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia

    Siniša Habazin, Jerko Štambuk, Jelena Šimunović, Genadij Razdorov & Mislav Novokmet

  2. Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Toma Keser

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Correspondence to Mislav Novokmet .

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    Marija Pezer

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Conflict of Interest: Siniša Habazin, Jerko Štambuk, Jelena Šimunović, Genadij Razdorov and Mislav Novokmet are employees of Genos Ltd., a privately held company specialized in commercial high-throughput glycan analysis. Toma Keser declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval: This book chapter does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Habazin, S., Štambuk, J., Šimunović, J., Keser, T., Razdorov, G., Novokmet, M. (2021). Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Analysis. In: Pezer, M. (eds) Antibody Glycosylation. Experientia Supplementum, vol 112. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_3

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