Abstract
Risk management has been applied in a wide range of industries to ensure safety by using risk management tools and techniques. Many of those techniques were developed long ago to analyze individual system components. In complex systems, however, accidents emerge from system interactions. Hence, traditional risk management tools and techniques have become inadequate to analyze risks in complex systems. The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) was recently developed to address the limitations of traditional risk management methods. This study provides an example of the use of FRAM to demonstrate its use and to highlight its potential value in safety risk management.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adriaensen A et al (2019) A socio-technical analysis of functional properties in a joint cognitive system: a case study in an aircraft cockpit. Ergonomics 1–19
Anvarifar F et al (2017) An application of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) to risk analysis of multifunctional flood defences in the Netherlands. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 158:130–141
Aven T (2008) Risk analysis—assessing uncertainties beyond expected values and probabilities. Wiley, New York
Aven T (2012) The risk concept-historical and recent development trends. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 99:33–44
Aven T (2016) Risk assessment and risk management: review of recent advances on their foundation. Eur J Oper Res 253(1):1–13
Baybutt P (2015) Designing risk matrices to avoid risk ranking reversal error. Process Saf Prog 35(1):41–46
Borghesi A, Gaudenzi B (2013) Risk management: how to assess, transfer and communicate critical risks. Springer, London
BSI (2001) BS IEC 61882: hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies. British Standards Institution, London. Available at https://cdn.auckland.ac.nz/assets/ecm/documents/Hazard-Operability-Studies.pdf
BSI (2006) BS EN-60812: Analysis techniques for system reliability: procedure for failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). British Standards Institution, London
BSI (2009) BS ISO 31000: risk management: principles and guidelines. British Standards Institution, London
BSI (2010) BS EN 31010: risk management: risk assessment techniques. British Standards Institution, London
Cabrera Aguilera MV et al (2016) Modelling performance variabilities in oil spill response to improve system resilience. J Loss Prev Process Ind 41:18–30
Card A, Ward J, Clarkson P (2014) Generating options for active risk control (GO-ARC): introducing a novel technique. J Healthcare Qual 36(5):32–41
de Carvalho PVR (2011) The use of Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) in a mid-air collision to understand some characteristics of the air traffic management system resilience. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 96(11):1482–1498
Chemweno P et al (2015) Development of a risk assessment selection methodology for asset maintenance decision making: An analytic network process (ANP) approach. Int J Prod Econ 170:663–676
Clay-Williams R, Hounsgaard J, Hollnagel E (2015) Where the rubber meets the road: using FRAM to align work-as-imagined with work-as-done when implementing clinical guidelines. Implementation Sci 10:125
Cox LA (2008) What’s wrong with risk matrices? Risk Anal 28(2):497–512
Furniss D, Curzon P, Blandford A (2016) Using FRAM beyond safety: a case study to explore how sociotechnical systems can flourish or stall. Theor Issues Ergon Sci 17(5–6):507–532
Gadd SA, Keeley DM, Balmforth HF (2004) Pitfalls in risk assessment: examples from the UK. Saf Sci 42:841–857
Hollnagel E (2012) FRAM: the Functional Resonance Analysis Method modelling complex socio-technical systems. Ashgate, Surrey
Hollnagel, E. (2013) An application of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) to risk assessment of organisational change. Stockholm
Hollnagel E (2014) Safety I and safety II. Ashgate, Surrey
Hollnagel E (2018) The functional resonance analysis method. Report
IEC (2006) IEC 61025 fault tree analysis (FTA). Geneva
Kaya GK, Canbaz HT (2019) The problem with traditional accident models to investigate patient safety incidents in health-care. In: Calisir F, Cevikcan E, Akdag CH (ed) Industrial engineering in the big data era. Lecture notes in management and industrial engineering. Springer, Cham, pp 481–488
Kaya GK, Hocaoglu M (2020) Semi-quantitative application to the Functional Resonance Analysis Method for supporting safety management in a complex health-care process. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 0(0):1–9
Kaya GK, Ovali HF, Ozturk F (2019) Using the functional resonance analysis method on the drug administration process to assess performance variability. Saf Sci 118:835–840
Kaya GK, Ward JR, Clarkson PJ (2019) A framework to support risk assessment in hospitals. Int J Qual Health Care 31(5):392–401
Kaya GK, Ward JR, Clarkson PJ (2019) A review of risk matrices used in acute hospitals in England. Risk Anal 39(5):1060–1070
Kazaras K, Kirytopoulos K, Rentizelas A (2012) Introducing the STAMP method in road tunnel safety assessment. Saf Sci 50:1806–1817
Leveson N (2011) Engineering a safer world: systems thinking applied to safety. The MIT Press, Massachusetts
Leveson N (2015) A systems approach to risk management through leading safety indicators. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 136:17–34
Li J, Bao C, Wu D (2018) How to design rating schemes of risk matrices: a sequential updating approach. Risk Anal 38(1):99–117
Mullai A (2006) Risk assessment frameworks and techniques. In: Ojala L (ed). DaGoB, Turku
Patriarca R, Bergström J et al (2018) Resilience engineering: current status of the research and future challenges. Saf Sci 102:79–100
Patriarca R, Falegnami A et al (2018) Resilience engineering for socio-technical risk analysis: application in neuro-surgery. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 180:321–335
Patriarca R et al (2019) Systemic safety management in anesthesiological practices. Saf Sci 120:850–864
Patriarca R, Bergström J (2017) Modelling complexity in everyday operations: functional resonance in maritime mooring at quay. Cogn Technol Work 19(4):711–729
Patriarca R, Bergström J, Di Gravio G (2017) Defining the functional resonance analysis space: Combining Abstraction Hierarchy and FRAM. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 165:34–46
Patriarca R, Di Gravio G, Costantino F (2017) A Monte Carlo evolution of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) to assess performance variability in complex systems. Saf Sci 91:49–60
Pitblado R, Weijand P (2014) Barrier diagram (bow-tie) quality issues for operating managers. Am Inst Chem Eng 33(4):355–361
de Rademaeker E et al (2014) A review of the past, present and future of the European loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries. Process Saf Environ Prot Inst Chem Eng 92:280–291
Simsekler MCE et al (2019) Integration of multiple methods in identifying patient safety risks. Saf Sci 118:530–537
Sujan M, Felici M (2012) Combining failure mode and functional resonance analyses in health-care settings. In: Ortmeier F, Daniel P (eds) International conference on computer safety, reliability and security (SAFECOMP). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 364–375
Tian J et al (2016) FRAMA: a safety assessment approach based on Functional Resonance Analysis Method. Saf Sci 85:41–52
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Research Fund of the Ä°stanbul Medeniyet University. Project number: 1695.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kaya, G.K. (2022). Safety Risk Management in Complex Systems. In: Calisir, F. (eds) Industrial Engineering in the Internet-of-Things World. GJCIE 2020. Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76724-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76724-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-76723-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-76724-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)