Abstract
Zinc deficiency in humans is caused by a range of problems associated from soil to plants and to human beings. Coordinated efforts of the international community, especially policymakers, agricultural and plant scientists, dieticians, physicians and others, are required to address a variety of issues responsible for global hidden hunger of micronutrient deficiency. Among some of the most important approaches are zinc biofortification of the cereal crops using zinc biofertilizers and the development of zinc-efficient crops. The use of zinc biofertilizers is one of the most effective, sustainable and economic ways to improve the zinc status of the soil to grow zinc-dense cereals. Zinc-dense cereals developed through biofortification should be made available to populations that are mainly dependent on cereal-based diet. Dieticians and scientists should make efforts to encourage diversification of diet and to use zinc supplements to meet the requirement. One study suggests that including fishes in the diet can help to overcome micronutrient deficiency globally. People should also be convinced to shun food beliefs and taboos to combat micronutrient deficiency. Strategies to improve zinc absorption in humans should also be developed. Notably, wheat with reduced phytate content in the grains was developed with an aim to maximize zinc absorption in the intestine. Awareness programmes in areas suffering the most from zinc deficiency should be carried out among all stakeholders. Despite the suggestions from FAO and WHO, global efforts to combat zinc deficiency matching those for combating HIV, etc., are not in place.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aggarwal, A.: Zinc deficiency: public health perspective. Indian J. Community Med. 30(3), 73–74 (2005). https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.42851
Aghili, F., Gamper, H.A., Eikenberg, J., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Afyuni, M., Schulin, R., Jansa, J., Frossard, E.: Green manure addition to soil increases grain zinc concentration in bread wheat. PLoS One. 9(7), e101487 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101487
Ahmed, E., Holmström, S.J.: Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications. Microb. Biotechnol. 7(3), 196–208 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12117
Alloway, B.J.: Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. International Zinc Association (2008)
Alloway, B.J.: Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Environ. Geochem. Health. 31(5), 537–548 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9255-4
Bajait, C., Thawani, V.: Role of zinc in pediatric diarrhea. Indian J. Pharmacol. 43(3), 232–235 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.81495
Banakar, R., Alvarez Fernandez, A., DÃaz-Benito, P., Abadia, J., Capell, T., Christou, P.: Phytosiderophores determine thresholds for iron and zinc accumulation in biofortified rice endosperm while inhibiting the accumulation of cadmium. J. Exp. Bot. 68(17), 4983–4995 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx304
Bhutta, Z.A., Black, R.E., Brown, K.H., Gardner, J.M., Gore, S., Hidayat, A., Khatun, F., Martorell, R., Ninh, N.X., Penny, M.E., Rosado, J.L., Roy, S.K., Ruel, M., Sazawal, S., Shankar, A.: Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Pediatr. 135(6), 689–697 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70086-7
Bhutta, Z.A., Das, J.K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M.F., Walker, N., Horton, S., Webb, P., Lartey, A., Black, R.E.: Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? Lancet. 382(9890), 452–477 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60996-4
Boonchuay, P., Cakmak, I., Rerkasem, B., Prom-U-Thai, C.: Effect of different foliar zinc application at different growth stages on seed zinc concentration and its impact on seedling vigor in rice. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 59(2), 180–188 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2013.763382
Bouain, N., Krouk, G., Lacombe, B., Rouached, H.: Getting to the root of plant mineral nutrition: combinatorial nutrient stresses reveal emergent properties. Trends Plant Sci. 24(6), 542–552 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.03.008
Bouis, H.E.: Micronutrient fortification of plants through plant breeding: can it improve nutrition in man at low cost? Proc. Nutr. Soc. 62(2), 403–411 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1079/pns2003262
Brennan, R.F.: Residual value of zinc fertiliser for production of wheat %J. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 41(4), 541–547 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1071/EA00139
Wessells, K.R., Brown, K.H.: Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS One. 7(11), e50568 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050568
Brown, K., Michael, H., Ranum, P.: Zinc fortification of cereal flours: current recommendations and research needs. Food Nutr. Bull. 31, S62–S74 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265100311S106
Cakmak, I.: Zinc deficiency in wheat in Turkey. In: Alloway, B.J. (ed.) Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production, pp. 181–200. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7_7
Cakmak, I., Kutman, U.B.: Agronomic biofortification of cereals with zinc: a review. Eur. J. Soil. Sci. 69(1), 172–180 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12437
Cakmak, I., Kalayci, M., Kaya, Y., Torun, A.A., Aydin, N., Wang, Y., Arisoy, Z., Erdem, H., Yazici, A., Gokmen, O., Ozturk, L., Horst, W.J.: Biofortification and localization of zinc in wheat grain. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(16), 9092–9102 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf101197h
Costerousse, B., Schönholzer-Mauclaire, L., Frossard, E., Thonar, C.: Identification of heterotrophic zinc mobilization processes among bacterial strains isolated from wheat rhizosphere (Triticum aestivum L.). J Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 84(1), e01715–e01717 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01715-17
Das, J.K., Kumar, R., Salam, R.A., Bhutta, Z.A.: Systematic review of zinc fortification trials. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 62(suppl 1), 44–56 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1159/000348262
De-la-Peña, C., Loyola-Vargas, V.M.: Biotic interactions in the rhizosphere: a diverse cooperative enterprise for plant productivity. J. Plant Physiol. 166(2), 701–719 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.241810
Dhaliwal, S.S., Ram, H., Shukla, A.K., Mavi, G.S.: Zinc biofortification of bread wheat, triticale, and durum wheat cultivars by foliar zinc fertilization. J. Plant Nutr. 42(8), 813–822 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1584218
Di Simine, C.D., Sayer, J.A., Gadd, G.M.: Solubilization of zinc phosphate by a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from a forest soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 28(1), 87–94 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050467
Dinesh, R., Srinivasan, V., Hamza, S., Sarathambal, C., Anke Gowda, S.J., Ganeshamurthy, A.N., Gupta, S.B., Aparna Nair, V., Subila, K.P., Lijina, A., Divya, V.C.: Isolation and characterization of potential Zn solubilizing bacteria from soil and its effects on soil Zn release rates, soil available Zn and plant Zn content. Geoderma. 321, 173–186 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.02.013
Eshaghi, E., Nosrati, R., Owlia, P., Malboobi, M.A., Ghaseminejad, P., Ganjali, M.R.: Zinc solubilization characteristics of efficient siderophore-producing soil bacteria. Iran. J. Microbiol. 11(5), 419–430 (2019)
Faizan, M., Faraz, A., Yusuf, M., Khan, S.T., Hayat, S.: Zinc oxide nanoparticle-mediated changes in photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant system of tomato plants. Photosynthetica. 56(2), 678–686 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-017-0717-0
Fang, Y., Wang, L., Xin, Z., Zhao, L., An, X., Hu, Q.: Effect of foliar application of zinc, selenium, and iron fertilizers on nutrients concentration and yield of rice grain in China. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56(6), 2079–2084 (2008a). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800150z
Fang, J., Chai, C., Qian, Q., Li, C., Tang, J., Sun, L., Huang, Z., Guo, X., Sun, C., Liu, M., Zhang, Y., Lu, Q., Wang, Y., Lu, C., Han, B., Chen, F., Cheng, Z., Chu, C.: Mutations of genes in synthesis of the carotenoid precursors of ABA lead to pre-harvest sprouting and photo-oxidation in rice. Plant J. 54(2), 177–189 (2008b). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03411.x
Fasim, F., Ahmed, N., Parsons, R., Gadd, G.M.: Solubilization of zinc salts by a bacterium isolated from the air environment of a tannery. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 213(1), 1–6 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11277.x
Fomina, M., Alexander, I.J., Hillier, S., Gadd, G.M.: Zinc phosphate and pyromorphite solubilization by soil plant-symbiotic fungi. Geomicrobiol J. 21(5), 351–366 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450490462066
Gibson, R.S., Hotz, C.: Dietary diversification/modification strategies to enhance micronutrient content and bioavailability of diets in developing countries. Br. J. Nutr. 85(Suppl 2), S159–S166 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001309
Gonzalez, D., Almendros, P., Obrador, A., Alvarez, J.M.: Zinc application in conjunction with urea as a fertilization strategy for improving both nitrogen use efficiency and the zinc biofortification of barley. J. Sci. Food Agric. 99(9), 4445–4451 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9681
Goteti, P.K., Emmanuel, L.D.A., Desai, S., Shaik, M.H.A.: Prospective zinc solubilising bacteria for enhanced nutrient uptake and growth promotion in maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.). Int. J. Microbiol. 2013, 869697 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/869697
Grabrucker, A.M., Rowan, M., Garner, C.C.: Brain-delivery of zinc-ions as potential treatment for neurological diseases: mini review. Drug Deliv. Lett. 1(1), 13–23 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2174/2210303111101010013
Gupta, S.: Brain food: clever eating. Nature. 531(7592), S12–S13 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/531S12a
Havlin, J.: Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management. Pearson Prentice Hall (2005)
Hergert, G.W., Rehm, G.W., Wiese, R.A.: Field evaluations of zinc sources band applied in ammonium polyphosphate suspension. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48(5), 1190–1193 (1984). https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800050048x
Herridge, D.F., Peoples, M.B., Boddey, R.M.: Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems. Plant Soil. 311(1), 1–18 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9668-3
Hess, S.Y., King, J.C.: Effects of maternal zinc supplementation on pregnancy and lactation outcomes. Food Nutr. Bull. 30(1 Suppl), S60–S78 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265090301s105
Hicks, C.C., Cohen, P.J., Graham, N.A.J., Nash, K.L., Allison, E.H., D’Lima, C., Mills, D.J., Roscher, M., Thilsted, S.H., Thorne-Lyman, A.L., MacNeil, M.A.: Harnessing global fisheries to tackle micronutrient deficiencies. Nature. 574(7776), 95–98 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1592-6
Hoffland, E., Wei, C., Wissuwa, M.: Organic anion exudation by lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) at zinc and phosphorus deficiency. Plant Soil. 283(1), 155–162 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-3937-1
Huey, S.L., Venkatramanan, S., Udipi, S.A., Finkelstein, J.L., Ghugre, P., Haas, J.D., Thakker, V., Thorat, A., Salvi, A., Kurpad, A.V., Mehta, S.: Acceptability of iron- and zinc-biofortified Pearl Millet (ICTP-8203)-based complementary foods among children in an urban slum of Mumbai, India. Front. Nutr. 4(39) (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2017.00039
Hussain, A., Zahir, Z., Ditta, A., Tahir, M., Ahmad, M., Mumtaz, M., Hayat, K., Hussain, S.: Production and implication of bio-activated organic fertilizer enriched with zinc-solubilizing bacteria to boost up maize (Zea mays L.) production and biofortification under two cropping seasons. Agron. J. 39, 1–18 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010039
Idayu Othman, N.M., Othman, R., Saud, H.M., Megat Wahab, P.E.: Effects of root colonization by zinc-solubilizing bacteria on rice plant (Oryza sativa MR219) growth. Agric. Nat. Resour. 51(6), 532–537 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2018.05.004
Jacoby, R., Peukert, M., Succurro, A., Koprivova, A., Kopriva, S.: The role of soil microorganisms in plant mineral nutrition-current knowledge and future directions. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 1617–1617 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01617
Kamran, S., Shahid, I., Baig, D.N., Rizwan, M., Malik, K.A., Mehnaz, S.: Contribution of zinc solubilizing bacteria in growth promotion and zinc content of wheat. Front. Microbiol. 8, 2593–2593 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02593
Kanwal, S., Rahmatullah, Ranjha, A.M., Ahmad, R.: Zinc partitioning in maize grain after soil fertilization with zinc sulfate. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 12, 299 (2010)
Khan, S.T.: Interaction of engineered nanomaterials with soil microbiome and plants: their impact on plant and soil health. In: Hayat, S., Pichtel, J., Faizan, M., Fariduddin, Q. (eds.) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 41: Nanotechnology for Plant Growth and Development, pp. 181–199. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33996-8_10
Khande, R., Sharma, S.K., Ramesh, A., Sharma, M.P.: Zinc solubilizing Bacillus strains that modulate growth, yield and zinc biofortification of soybean and wheat. Rhizosphere. 4, 126–138 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.09.002
Kimura, A.H.: Building a healthy Indonesia with flour, MSG, and instant noodles. In: Hidden Hunger. Gender and the Politics of Smarter Foods, pp. 81–110. Cornell University Press (2013)
Kochian, L.V.: Zinc absorption from hydroponic solutions by plant roots. In: Robson, A.D. (ed.) Zinc in Soils and Plants: Proceedings of the International Symposium on ‘Zinc in Soils and Plants’ held at the University of Western Australia, 27–28 September, 1993, pp. 45–57. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0878-2_4
Köleli, N., Eker, S., Cakmak, I.: Effect of zinc fertilization on cadmium toxicity in durum and bread wheat grown in zinc-deficient soil. Environ. Pollut. (Barking, Essex : 1987). 131(3), 453–459 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.02.012
Kopittke, P.M., Lombi, E., Wang, P., Schjoerring, J.K., Husted, S.: Nanomaterials as fertilizers for improving plant mineral nutrition and environmental outcomes. Environ. Sci. Nano. 6(12), 3513–3524 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EN00971J
Korenblum, E., Dong, Y., Szymanski, J., Panda, S., Jozwiak, A., Massalha, H., Meir, S., Rogachev, I., Aharoni, A.: Rhizosphere microbiome mediates systemic root metabolite exudation by root-to-root signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117(7), 3874–3883 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912130117
Kumar, A., Kumar, V., Krishnan, V., Hada, A., Marathe, A., C P, Jolly, M., Sachdev, A.: Seed targeted RNAi-mediated silencing of GmMIPS1 limits phytate accumulation and improves mineral bioavailability in soybean. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 7744–7744 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44255-7
Lind, T., Lönnerdal, B., Stenlund, H., Ismail, D., Seswandhana, R., Ekström, E.C., Persson, L.A.: A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: interactions between iron and zinc. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77(4), 883–890 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.4.883
Liu, D.-Y., Zhang, W., Liu, Y.-M., Chen, X.-P., Zou, C.-Q.: Soil application of zinc fertilizer increases maize yield by enhancing the Kernel Number and Kernel Weight of inferior grains. Front. Plant Sci. 11(188) (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00188
Lönnerdal, B.: Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption. J. Nutr. 130(5), 1378S–1383S (2000). https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1378S%
Malusá, E., Sas-Paszt, L., Ciesielska, J.: Technologies for beneficial microorganisms Inocula used as biofertilizers. Sci. World J. 2012, 491206 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/491206
Mendes, R., Kruijt, M., de Bruijn, I., Dekkers, E., van der Voort, M., Schneider, J.H., Piceno, Y.M., DeSantis, T.Z., Andersen, G.L., Bakker, P.A., Raaijmakers, J.M.: Deciphering the rhizosphere microbiome for disease-suppressive bacteria. Science (New York, N.Y.). 332(6033), 1097–1100 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1203980
Menkir, A.: Genetic variation for grain mineral content in tropical-adapted maize inbred lines. Food Chem. 110(2), 454–464 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.025
Mortvedt, J.J., Gilkes, R.J.: Zinc Fertilizers. In: Robson, A.D. (ed.) Zinc in Soils and Plants: Proceedings of the International Symposium on ‘Zinc in Soils and Plants’ held at The University of Western Australia, 27–28 September, 1993, pp. 33–44. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0878-2_3
Nkhata, S.G., Ayua, E., Kamau, E.H., Shingiro, J.-B.: Fermentation and germination improve nutritional value of cereals and legumes through activation of endogenous enzymes. Food Sci. Nutr. 6(8), 2446–2458 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.846
O’Dell, B.L., Boland, A.R., Koirtyohann, S.R.: Distribution of phytate and nutritionally important elements among the morphological components of cereal grains. J Agric Food Chem. 20, 18–724 (1972)
Olsen, L., Palmgren, M.: Many rivers to cross: the journey of zinc from soil to seed. Front. Plant Sci. 5(30) (2014). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00030
Ota, E., Mori, R., Middleton, P., Tobe-Gai, R., Mahomed, K., Miyazaki, C., Bhutta, Z.A.: Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000230.pub5
Palmgren, M.G., Clemens, S., Williams, L.E., Krämer, U., Borg, S., Schjørring, J.K., Sanders, D.: Zinc biofortification of cereals: problems and solutions. Trends Plant Sci. 13(9), 464–473 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.06.005
Paul, S., Ali, N., Datta, S.K., Datta, K.: Development of an iron-enriched high-yieldings indica rice cultivar by introgression of a high-iron trait from transgenic iron-biofortified rice. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 69(3), 203–208 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-014-0431-z
Phattarakul, N., Rerkasem, B., Li, L., Wu, L., Zou, C., Ram, H., Sohu, V., Kang, B., Surek, H., Kalayci, M., Yazici, A., Zhang, F., Cakmak, I.: Biofortification of rice grain with zinc through zinc fertilization in different countries. Plant Soil. 361 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1211-x
Ramesh, A., Sharma, S.K., Sharma, M.P., Yadav, N., Joshi, O.P.: Inoculation of zinc solubilizing Bacillus aryabhattai strains for improved growth, mobilization and biofortification of zinc in soybean and wheat cultivated in Vertisols of Central India. Appl. Soil Ecol. 73, 87–96 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.08.009
Rashid, A., Ram, H., Zou, C.-Q., Rerkasem, B., Duarte, A.P., Simunji, S., Yazici, A., Guo, S., Rizwan, M., Bal, R.S., Wang, Z., Malik, S.S., Phattarakul, N., Soares de Freitas, R., Lungu, O., Barros, V.L.N.P., Cakmak, I.: Effect of zinc-biofortified seeds on grain yield of wheat, rice, and common bean grown in six countries. 182(5), 791–804 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201800577
Ritchie, H., Reay, D.S., Higgins, P.: Quantifying, projecting, and addressing India's hidden hunger. Front Sustain. Food Syst. 2(11) (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2018.00011
Rokhbakhsh Zamin, F., Sachdev, D., Kazemi-Pour, N., Engineer, A., Zinjarde, S., Dhakephalkar, P., Chopade, P.B.: Characterization of plant growth promoting traits of Acinetobacter species isolated from rhizosphere of Pennisetum glaucum. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (Impact Factor:2062). 21, 556–566 (2011)
Samman, S.: Zinc. Nutr. Diet. 64(s4), S131–S134 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0080.2007.00200.x
Saravanan, V.S., Madhaiyan, M., Thangaraju, M.: Solubilization of zinc compounds by the diazotrophic, plant growth promoting bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Chemosphere. 66(9), 1794–1798 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.067
Saravanan, V.S., Kumar, M.R., Sa, T.M.: Microbial zinc solubilization and their role on plants. In: Maheshwari, D.K. (ed.) Bacteria in Agrobiology: Plant Nutrient Management, pp. 47–63. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21061-7_3
Shivay, Y.S., Prasad, R., Pal, M.: Zinc fortification of oat grains through zinc fertilisation. Agric. Res. 2(4), 375–381 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-013-0078-2
Smith, M.R., DeFries, R., Chhatre, A., Ghosh-Jerath, S., Myers, S.S.: Inadequate zinc intake in India: past, present, and future. Food Nutr. Bull. 40(1), 26–40 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572118825176
Springmann, M., Godfray, H.C.J., Rayner, M., Scarborough, P.: Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 113(15), 4146–4151 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523119113
Sturikova, H., Krystofova, O., Huska, D., Adam, V.: Zinc, zinc nanoparticles and plants. J. Hazard. Mater. 349, 101–110 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.040
Subbaiah, L.V., Prasad, T.N.V.K.V., Krishna, T.G., Sudhakar, P., Reddy, B.R., Pradeep, T.: Novel effects of nanoparticulate delivery of zinc on growth, productivity, and zinc biofortification in maize (Zea mays L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 64(19), 3778–3788 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00838
Tagele, S.B., Kim, S.W., Lee, H.G., Lee, Y.S.: Potential of novel sequence type of Burkholderia cenocepacia for biological control of root rot of maize (Zea mays L.) caused by Fusarium temperatum. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20(5), 1005 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051005
Takkar, P.N., Mann, M.S.: Toxic levels of soil and plant zinc for maize and wheat. Plant Soil. 49(3), 667–669 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02183293
Takkar, P.N., Sidhu, B.S.: Kinetics of zinc transformation in submerged alkaline soils in the rice growing tracts of Punjab. J. Agric. Sci. 93(2), 441–447 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600038132
Treeby, M., Marschner, H., Römheld, V.: Mobilization of iron and other micronutrient cations from a calcareous soil by plant-borne, microbial, and synthetic metal chelators. Plant Soil. 114(2), 217–226 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02220801
Trijatmiko, K.R., Dueñas, C., Tsakirpaloglou, N., Torrizo, L., Arines, F.M., Adeva, C., Balindong, J., Oliva, N., Sapasap, M.V., Borrero, J., Rey, J., Francisco, P., Nelson, A., Nakanishi, H., Lombi, E., Tako, E., Glahn, R.P., Stangoulis, J., Chadha-Mohanty, P., Johnson, A.A.T., Tohme, J., Barry, G., Slamet-Loedin, I.H.: Biofortified indica rice attains iron and zinc nutrition dietary targets in the field. Sci. Rep. 6, 19792–19792 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19792
Uauy, C., Distelfeld, A., Fahima, T., Blechl, A., Dubcovsky, J.: A NAC gene regulating senescence improves grain protein, zinc, and iron content in wheat. Science (New York, N.Y.). 314(5803), 1298–1301 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133649
Uroz, S., Courty, P.-E., Oger, P.: Plant symbionts are engineers of the plant-associated microbiome. Trends Plant Sci. 24, 905 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.008
Velu, G., Ortiz-Monasterio, I., Cakmak, I., Hao, Y., Singh, R.P.: Biofortification strategies to increase grain zinc and iron concentrations in wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 59(3), 365–372 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2013.09.001
Wessells, K.R., Brown, K.H., Kounnavong, S., Barffour, M.A., Hinnouho, G.-M., Sayasone, S., Stephensen, C.B., Ratsavong, K., Larson, C.P., Arnold, C.D., Harding, K.B., Reinhart, G.A., Lertmemongkolchai, G., Fucharoen, S., Bernstein, R.M., Hess, S.Y.: Comparison of two forms of daily preventive zinc supplementation versus therapeutic zinc supplementation for diarrhea on young children’s physical growth and risk of infection: study design and rationale for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nutr. 4(1), 39 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-018-0247-6
Wilson, R.L., Gummow, J.A., McAninch, D., Bianco-Miotto, T., Roberts, C.T.: Vitamin and mineral supplementation in pregnancy: evidence to practice. J. Pharm. Pract. Res. 48(2), 186–192 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1438
Wuehler, S.E., Peerson, J.M., Brown, K.H.: Use of national food balance data to estimate the adequacy of zinc in national food supplies: methodology and regional estimates. Public Health Nutr. 8(7), 812–819 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2005724
Yadav, A., Chandra, K.: Mass production and quality control of microbial inoculants. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. 80, 483 (2014). https://doi.org/10.16943/ptinsa/2014/v80i2/5
Yilmaz, A., Ekiz, H., Torun, B., Gultekin, I., Karanlik, S., Bagci, S.A., Cakmak, I.: Effect of different zinc application methods on grain yield and zinc concentration in wheat cultivars grown on zinc-deficient calcareous soils. J. Plant Nutr. 20(4–5), 461–471 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169709365267
Yuan, L., Wu, L., Yang, C., Lv, Q.: Effects of iron and zinc foliar applications on rice plants and their grain accumulation and grain nutritional quality. J. Sci. Food Agric. 93(2), 254–261 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5749
Zhang, T., Sun, H., Lv, Z., Cui, L., Mao, H., Kopittke, P.M.: Using synchrotron-based approaches to examine the foliar application of ZnSO(4) and ZnO nanoparticles for field-grown winter wheat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66(11), 2572–2579 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04153
Zou, C., Zhang, Y., Rashid, A., Ram, H., Savasli, E., Zafer, R., Ortiz-Monasterio, I., Simunji, S., Wang, Z., Sohu, V., Hassan, M., Kaya, Y., Onder, O., Lungu, O., Yaqub, M., Joshi, A., Zelenskiy, Y., Zhang, F., Cakmak, I.: Biofortification of wheat with zinc through zinc fertilization in seven countries. Plant Soil Online. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1369-2
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge the generous financial help provided by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India, under the Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research Collaboration (SPARC; P594).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Khan, S.T., Khan, M.A. (2022). Strategies to Counter Zinc Deficiency, Current Status and Future Directions. In: Khan, S.T., Malik, A. (eds) Microbial Biofertilizers and Micronutrient Availability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76609-2_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76609-2_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-76608-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-76609-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)