Abstract
This chapter introduces a thorough proof of concept of the developed technology for real NIBGM. A portable version of one of the proposed sensors is implemented for evaluating its performance as NIBGM device in real application conditions. A large study with a considerable number of individuals in a multicenter clinical scenario is presented. As a result, experimental evidence of the potential of this technology is given. Also, its limitations and required improvement aspects are identified.
A fact is a simple statement that everyone believes. It is innocent, unless found guilty.
A hypothesis is a novel suggestion that no one wants to believe. It is guilty, until found effective.
Edward Teller
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
García H, Juan CG, Ávila-Navarro E, Bronchalo E, Sabater-Navarro JM (2019) Portable device based on microwave resonator for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring. In: Proceedings of the 41st annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC), Berlin, Germany, pp 1115–1118
Juan CG, García H, Ávila-Navarro E, Bronchalo E, Galiano V, Moreno O, Orozco Sabater-Navarro JM (2019) Feasibility study of portable microwave microstrip open-loop resonator for noninvasive blood glucose level sensing: proof of concept. Med Biol Eng Comput 57(11):2389–2405. Available: https://rdcu.be/bP1T6. Accessed 1 Sept 2019
Juan CG, Bronchalo E, Potelon B, Quendo C, Ávila-Navarro E, Sabater-Navarro JM (2019) Concentration measurement of microliter-volume water–glucose solutions using Q factor of microwave sensors. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 68(7):2621–2634
Juan CG, Bronchalo E, Potelon B, Quendo C, Sabater-Navarro JM (2019) Glucose concentration measurement in human blood plasma solutions with microwave sensors. Sensors 19(17):3779
Hayashi Y, Livshits L, Caduff A, Feldman Y (2003) Dielectric spectroscopy study of specific glucose influence on human erythrocyte membranes. J Phys D Appl Phys 36(4):369–374
Vorst V, Rosen A, Kotsuka Y (2006) RF/microwave interaction with biological tissues. Wiley, Hoboken
Orna MV, John S (1989) Electrochemistry, past and present. American Chemical Society, Columbus
Wahl D (2005) A short history of electrochemistry. Galvanotechnik 96(8):1820–1828
Reilly JP, Geddes LA, Polk C (2000) Bioelectricity. In: Dorf RC (ed) The electrical engineering handbook, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol 177:500–544
Kotnik T, Miklavčič D (2000) Second-order model of membrane electric field induced by alternating external electric fields. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 47(8):1074–1081
Movahed S, Li D (2012) Electrokinetic transport through the nanopores in cell membrane during electroporation. J Colloid Interface Sci 369(1):442–452
Valdmanis J (2012) The modelling of cell membrane electrodynamics. In: Dekhtyar Y, Katashev A, Lancere L (eds) International symposium on biomedical engineering and medical physics, 2012, Riga, Latvia. IFMBE Proceedings, vol. 38. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp 90–92
Frankenhaeuser B, Huxley AF (1964) The action potential in the myelinated nerve fiber of xenopus laevis as computed on the basis of voltage clamp data. J Physiol 171:302–315
Ambrose EJ, Forrester JA (1968) Electrical phenomena associated with cell movements. Symp Soc Exp Biol 22:237–248
Szabo G (1977) Electrical characteristics of ion transport in lipid bilayer membranes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 303:266–278
Norian KH (1995) Electrical effect of neurotoxin on K+ channel in biological membrane. J Mater Sci Lett 14(14):985–987
Lin JC, Bernardi P (2006) Computational methods for predicting field intity and temperature change. In: Barnes FS, Greenebaum B (eds) Handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields: bioengineering and biophysical aspects of electromagnetic fields, 3rd edn. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 293–380
Prodan E, Prodan C, Miller JH Jr (2008) The dielectric response of spherical live cells in suspension: an analytic solution. Biophys J 95(9):4174–4182
Biasio D, Cametti C (2010) d-glucose-induced alterations in the electrical parameters of human erythrocyte cell membrane. Bioelectrochemistry 77(2):151–157
Livshits L, Caduff A, Talary MS, Feldman Y (2007) Dielectric response of biconcave erythrocyte membranes to D- and L-glucose. J Phys D Appl Phys 40(1):15–19
Desouky OS (2009) Rheological and electrical behavior or erythrocytes in patients with diabetes mellitus. Romanian J Biophys 19(4):239–250
Park J-H, Kim C-S, Choi B-C, Ham K-Y (2003) The correlation of the complex dielectric constant and blood glucose at low frequency. Biosens Bioelectron 19(4):321–324
Sbrignadello TS, Barison S, Conti C, Pacini G (2007) Impedance spectroscopy of solutions at physiological glucose concentrations. Biophys Chem 129(2–3):235–241
Yoon G (2011) Dielectric properties of glucose in bulk aqueous solutions: Influence of electrode polarization and modeling. Biosens Bioelectron 26(5):2347–2353
Caduff EH, Feldman Y, Ali Z, Heinemann L (2003) First human experiments with a novel non-invasive, non-optical continuous glucose monitoring system. Biosens Bioelectron 19(3):209–217
Caduff FD, Talary M, Stalder G, Heinemann L, Feldman Y (2006) Non-invasive glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes: A novel system based on impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 22(5):598–604
Jean BR, Green EC, McClung MJ (2008) A microwave frequency sensor for non-invasive blood-glucose measurement. In: Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Atlanta, GA, USA
Freer, Venkataraman J (2010) Feasibility study for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. In: Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium, Toronto, ON, Canada
Venkataraman J, Freer B (2011) Feasibility of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring: in-vitro measurements and phantom models. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE international symposium on antennas and propagation (APSURSI), Spokane, WA, USA
Choi H, Luzio S, Beutler J, Porch A (2017) Microwave noninvasive blood glucose monitoring sensor: human clinical trial results. In: Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Honololu, HI, USA, pp 876–879
Calhoun P, Johnson TK, Hughes J, Price D, Balo AK (2018) Resistance to acetaminophen interference in a novel continuous glucose monitoring system. J Diabetes Sci Technol 12(2):393–396
Kumari S, Raghavan S, Biological effects of microwave. In: Proceedings of the 2014 international conference on information communication and embedded systems (ICICES), Chennai, India
Bantle JP, Thomas W (1997) Glucose measurement in patients with diabetes mellitus with dermal interstitial fluid. J Lab Clin Med 130(4):436–441
Thennadil SN, Rennert JL, Wenzel BJ, Hazen KH, Ruchti TL, Block MB (2001) Comparison of glucose concentration in interstitial fluid, and capillary and venous blood during rapid changes in blood glucose levels. Diabetes Technol Ther 3(3):357–365
Harman-Boehm AG, Raykhman AM, Zahn JD, Naidis E, Mayzel Y (2009) Noninvasive glucose monitoring: a novel approach. J Diabet Sci Technol 3(2):253
Wientjes KJC, Schoonen AJM (2001) Determination of time delay between blood and interstitial adipose tissue glucose concentration change by microdialysis in healthy volunteers. Int J Artif Organs 24(12):884–889
Stout PJ, Peled N, Erickson BJ, Hilgers ME, Racchini JR, Hoegh TB (2001) Comparison of glucose levels in dermal interstitial fluid and finger capillary blood. Diabetes Technol Ther 3(1):81–90
Reiterer F, Polterauer P, Freckmann G, del Re L (2016) Identification of CGM time delays and implications for BG control in T1DM. In: IFMBE Proceedings on XIV mediterranean conference on medical and biological engineering and computing 2016 (MEDICON), Paphos, Cyprus, pp 190–195
Gebhart S, Faupel M, Fowler R, Kapsner C, Lincoln D, McGee V, Pasqua J, Steed L, Wangsness M, Xu F, Vanstory M (2003) Glucose sensing in transdermal body fluid collected under continuous vacuum pressure via micropores in the stratum corneum. Diabetes Technol Ther 5(2):159–166
Breton M, Kovatchev B (2008) Analysis, modeling, and simulation of the accuracy of continuous glucose sensors. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2(5):853–862
Sinha M, McKeon KM, Parker S, Goergen LG, Zheng H, El-Khatib FH, Russell SJ (2017) A comparison of time delay in three continuous glucose monitors for adolescents and adults. J Diabetes Sci Technol 11(6):1132–1137
Groenendaal W, Schmidt KA, von Basum G, van Riel NAW, Hilbers PAJ (2008) Modeling glucose and water dynamics in human skin. Diabetes Technol Ther 10(4):283–293
Barman C-RK, Dingari NC, Dasari RR, Feld MS (2010) Development of robust calibration models using support vector machines for spectroscopic monitoring of blood glucose. Anal Chem 82(23):9719–9726
Shi T, Li D, Li G, Zhang Y, Xu K, Lu L (2016) Modeling and measurement of correlation between blood and interstitial glucose changes. J Diabetes Res 2016:4596316
Huang Y-B, Fang J-Y, Wu P-C, Chen T-H, Tsai M-J, Tsai Y-H (2003) Noninvasive glucose monitoring by back diffusion via skin: Chemical and physical enhancements. Biol Pharm Bull 26(7):983–987
Siegmund T, Heinemann L, Kolassa R, Thomas A (2017) Discrepancies between blood glucose and interstitial glucose—technological artifacts or physiology: implications for selection of the appropriate therapeutic target. J Diabetes Sci Technol 11(4):766–772
Cobelli MS, Man CD, Basu A, Basu R (2016) Interstitial fluid glucose is not just a shifted-in-time but a distorted mirror of blood glucose: Insight from an in silico study. Diabet Technol Ther 18(8):505–511
Duck FA (1990) Tissue composition. In: Duck FA (ed) Physical properties of tissues: a comprehensive reference book. Academic Press, London, pp 319–328
Rodboard (2016) Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of successes, challenges, and opportunities. Diabetes Technol Ther 18(S2):S2-3–S2-3
Garg SK, Akturk HK (2017) The future of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Technol Ther 19(S3):S-1–S-2
Graham C (2017) Continuous glucose monitoring and global reimbursement: an update. Diabetes Technol Ther 19(S3):S-60–S-66
Turgul V, Kale I (2018) Sensitivity of non-invasive RF/microwave glucose sensors and fundamental factors and challenges affecting measurement accuracy. In: Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE international instrumentation and measurement technology conference (I2MTC), Houston, TX, USA
Faccioli S, Del Favero S, Visentin R, Bonfanti R, Iafusco D, Rabbone I, Marigliano M, Schiaffini R, Bruttomesso D, Cobelli C (2017) Accuracy of a CGM Sensor in pediatric subjects with type 1 diabetes. Comparison of three insertion sites: arm, abdomen, and gluteus. J Diabetes Sci Technol 11(6):1147–1154
Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Phys Med Biol 41(11):2251–2269
Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys Med Biol 41(11):2271–2293
Pozar DM (1998) Microwave filters. In: Pozar DM (ed) Microwave engineering, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 422–498
Hong J-S (2011) Microstrip filters for RF/microwave applications, 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken
Olimex (2017) Olimex PIC32-PINGUINO-OTG. Available: https://www.olimex.com/Products/Duino/PIC32/PIC32-PINGUINO-OTG/open-source-hardware. Accessed 7 July 2019
Potelon B, Quendo C, Carré J-L, Chevalier A, Person C, Queffelec P (2014) Electromagnetic signature of glucose in aqueous solutions and human blood. In: Proceedings of MEMSWAVE Conference, La Rochelle, France, pp 4–7
Costanzo S, Cioffi V, Raffo A (2018) Complex permittivity effect on the performances of non-invasive microwave blood glucose sensing: Enhanced model and preliminary results. In: Rocha A, Adeli H, Reis LP, Costanzo S (eds) Proceedings on WorldCIST'18 2018: trends and advances in information systems and technologies, Naples, Italy, pp 1505
Sharma NK, Singh S (2012) Designing a non invasive blood glucose measurement sensor. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 7th international conference on industrial and information systems (ICIIS), Chennai, India
Rossetti P, Bondia J, Vehí J, Fanelli CG (2010) Estimating plasma glucose from interstitial glucose: the issue of calibration algorithms in commercial continuous glucose monitoring devices. Sensors 10(12):10936–10952
Gal IH, Drexler A, Naidis E, Mayzel Y, Goldstein N, Horman K (2014) Calibration schemes of a truly non-invasive glucose monitor for variety of diabetics. In: Proceedings of the 13th annual diabetes technology meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA
Grant JP, Clarke RN, Symm GT, Spyrou NM (1988) In vivo dielectric properties of human skin from 50 MHz to 2.0 GHz. Phys Med Biol 33(5):607–612
Turgul V, Kale I (2016) A novel pressure sensing circuit for non-invasive RF/microwave blood glucose sensors. In: Proceedings of the 16th mediterranean microwave symposium (MMS), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Choi H, Naylon J, Luzio S, Beutler J, Birchall J, Martin C, Porch A (2015) Design and in vitro interference test of microwave noninvasive blood glucose monitoring sensor. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 63(10):3016–3025
Ibrani M, Ahma L, Hamiti E (2012) The age-dependence of microwave dielectric parameters of biological tissues. In: Costanzo S (ed) Microwave materials characterization. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp 139–158
Turgul V, Kale I (2017) Simulating the effects of skin thickness and fingerprints to highlight problems with non-invasive RF blood glucose sensing from fingertips. IEEE Sens J 17(22):7553–7560
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Juan, C.G. (2021). Microwave Resonator for NIBGM: Proof of Concept. In: Designing Microwave Sensors for Glucose Concentration Detection in Aqueous and Biological Solutions . Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76179-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76179-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-76178-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-76179-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)