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Local Area Networks and Analysis

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Queuing Theory and Telecommunications

Part of the book series: Textbooks in Telecommunication Engineering ((TTE))

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Abstract

Local area networks make use of a data link protocol to connect the various hosts in them. This chapter provides a background on Medium Access Protocol (MAC), including Aloha and CSMA types. Methods are presented for the performance analysis of the most common protocols. A special approach, called Equilibrium Point Analysis, has also been discussed for the analysis of random access protocols. Finally, a survey is provided on both IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) standards and their evolutions towards higher capacity.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    There could be some cases in which one packet is received at a level significantly higher than the others so that it can be correctly decoded even in the case of a collision. This is the so-called capture effect, not considered here for a conservative analysis of the Aloha protocol. Another possibility to reduce the number of collisions would be to adopt Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) techniques [7]. In these schemes, particularly used in satellite networks, a new packet #i is transmitted many times: the first successful transmission of packet #i allows us to cancel the collisions of packet #i with other packet transmissions by means of iterative interference cancellation.

  2. 2.

    We neglect here the possibility of errors on the feedback channel, which is used to send the acknowledgments of correctly received packets.

  3. 3.

    Removing this approximation, the (mean) packet delay can be characterized using an M/G/1 queuing model, but a more refined terminal state diagram is needed with respect to that in Fig. 6.14 (i.e., the queue occupancy status has to be included in the model).

  4. 4.

    CSMA/CD does not require an acknowledgment scheme with a timeout to detect collisions.

  5. 5.

    In the IEEE 802.3 standard, a packet has a minimum length of 64 bytes and a maximum length of 1518 bytes. The length of the jam message is 32 or 48 bits. Hence, the assumption made here of a jam message equal to 0.2 in [T units] is a conservative choice.

  6. 6.

    With differential Manchester line encoding, there is always a level transition in the middle of a bit. In the case of bit “1” (or “0”) transmission, we have the first half of the signal equal (or complemented with respect) to the last part of the previous bit.

  7. 7.

    PN codes are cyclic codes (e.g., gold codes) that well approximate the generation of random bits 0 and 1. These codes must have a high peak for the autocorrelation (synchronization purposes) and very low cross-correlation values (orthogonality of different users).

  8. 8.

    With Manchester encoding, each bit contains a transition in the middle: a transition from low to high represents a “0 bit” and a transition from high to low represents a “1 bit” (also the opposite convention is possible). The bandwidth needed to transmit the signal practically doubles with respect to the case without this encoding. The advantage is that we have transitions on a predictable basis that are useful for synchronization purposes.

  9. 9.

    The IEEE 802.11 family includes different technologies (i.e., legacy 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax) under the name of WiFi. Other standards in this family (from letter c to f and from letter h to j) are service enhancements and modifications of previous specifications.

  10. 10.

    The duration of an IFS period depends on the packet type; in case of an information packet, IFS becomes a DCF Inter-Frame Space (DIFS).

  11. 11.

    SIFS is shorter than DIFS to prioritize the transmission of the ACK by the receiving station over other possible transmissions by other stations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Giovanni Giambene

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  1. Giovanni Giambene
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Giambene, G. (2021). Local Area Networks and Analysis. In: Queuing Theory and Telecommunications. Textbooks in Telecommunication Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75973-5_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75973-5_6

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