Abstract
Defects of the atrial septum and ventricular septum, which also include atrioventricular septal defects, sinus venosus defects, and coronary sinus defects, are some of the most common congenital heart defects and will be encountered often in pediatric patients. Therefore, they are a common type of congenital heart defect causing clinically significant symptoms and disease including hemodynamically significant left to right shunts, high-output heart failure, and cyanosis or implicated in paradoxical embolism. Echocardiography is an excellent first-line diagnostic modality to assess for these defects but may be limited by poor acoustic windows or inadequate visualization of the systemic and pulmonary veins. Cardiac CT is well suited for precise evaluation of the systemic and pulmonary venous connections, atrial and ventricular septum, and relationship of these structures in various planes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Liu Y, Chen S, Zühlke L, et al. Global birth prevalence of congenital heart defects 1970–2017: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 260 studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(2):455–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz009.
Pierpont ME, Brueckner M, Chung WK, et al. Genetic basis for congenital heart disease: revisited: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138(21):e653–711. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000606.
Cohen MS. Common atrioventricular canal defects. In: Echocardiography in pediatric and congenital heart disease. Wiley; 2009. p. 230–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444306309.ch3.
Anderson RH, Brown NA, Webb S. Development and structure of the atrial septum. Heart. 2002;88(1):104–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.88.1.104.
Van Praagh S, Carrera ME, Sanders SP, Mayer JE, Van Praagh R. Sinus venosus defects: unroofing of the right pulmonary veins – anatomic and echocardiographic findings and surgical treatment. Am Heart J. 1994;128(2):365–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(94)90491-x.
Butts RJ, Crean AM, Hlavacek AM, et al. Veno-venous bridges: the forerunners of the sinus venosus defect. Cardiol Young. 2011;21(6):623–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951111000710.
Raghib G, Ruttenberg HD, Anderson RC, Amplatz K, Adams P, Edwards JE. Termination of left superior vena cava in left atrium, atrial septal defect, and absence of coronary sinus. Circulation. 1965;31(6):906–18. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.31.6.906.
Forbus G, Shirali G. Anomalies of the ventricular septum. In: Echocardiography in pediatric and congenital heart disease. Wiley; 2009. p. 175–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444306309.ch3.
Lamers WH, Moorman AFM. Cardiac septation. Circ Res. 2002;91(2):93–103. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000027135.63141.89.
Lopez L, Houyel L, Colan SD, et al. Classification of ventricular septal defects for the eleventh iteration of the international classification of diseases-striving for consensus: a report from the International Society for Nomenclature of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;106(5):1578–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.06.020.
Gerbode F, Hultgren H, Melrose D, Osborn J. Syndrome of left ventricular-right atrial shunt; successful surgical repair of defect in five cases, with observation of bradycardia on closure. Ann Surg. 1958;148(3):433–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-195809000-00012.
Cohn LH. Fifty years of open-heart surgery. Circulation. 2003;107(17):2168–70. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000071746.50876.E2.
Hellenbrand WE, Fahey JT, McGowan FX, Weltin GG, Kleinman CS. Transesophageal echocardiographic guidance of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66(2):207–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)90590-w.
Hijazi ZM, Hakim F, Haweleh AA, et al. Catheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects using the new Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder: initial clinical experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2002;56(4):508–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.10292.
Diller G-P, Kempny A, Alonso-Gonzalez R, et al. Survival prospects and circumstances of death in contemporary adult congenital heart disease patients under follow-up at a large tertiary centre. Circulation. 2015;132(22):2118–25. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017202.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Patel, M.D. (2021). Septal Defects: Atrial Septal Defects, Ventricular Septal Defects, Atrioventricular Septal Defects, and Unroofed Coronary Sinus. In: Adebo, D.A. (eds) Pediatric Cardiac CT in Congenital Heart Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74822-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74822-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-74821-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-74822-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)