Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the world and having a profound impact on the economy, government, and society. Thus, many countries have proposed AI strategic policies in order to lead the development of AI in their societies during the twenty-first century. Although the idea of AI emerged in the 1950s, it entered a crucial stage in the last decade and now has an extensive range of applications with significant societal implications. Therefore, governments around the world need to be aware of the opportunities and challenges associated with AI. This chapter is focused on the emerging field of AI policymaking. It presents the first countries that have launched AI strategies and compares current AI policy developments. The research questions are as follows: What are the similarities and differences between various national AI strategies? What are the priorities of AI strategies? How much do governments spend on AI strategies? After having analyzed six national AI strategies, it was found that each strategy is unique to the context of the country; each has different priorities as well as different budgets. Finally, as AI is already a part of our daily lives, some recommendations are offered to policymakers in order to help them to adapt to these technological changes and develop effective AI policies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen, Gregory C. 2019. Understanding China’s AI Strategy: Clues to Chinese Strategic Thinking on Artificial Intelligence and National Security. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security.
Bock, Pauline. 2019. “Meet the Brain Macron Tasked with Turning France into an AI Leader.” Wired Magazine, February 15. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/cedric-villani-france-artificial-intelligence.
Brookfield Institute. 2018. “AI Futures Policy Labs: A Series of Workshops for Emerging Policymakers.” https://brookfieldinstitute.ca/project/ai-futures-policy-labs-a-series-of-workshops-for-emerging-policymakers/.
China Institute for Science and Technology Policy at Tsinghua University. 2018. China AI Development Report 2018. Beijing: Tsinghua University.
CIFAR [Canadian Institute for Advanced Research]. 2017. “CIFAR Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy.” https://www.cifar.ca/ai/pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy.
Foundation for Law & International Affairs. 2017. “China’s New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Development Plan.” Translated by Floria Sapio, Weiming Chen, and Adrian Lo. https://flia.org/notice-state-council-issuing-new-generation-artificial-intelligence-development-plan.
France. DITP [Direction Interministérielle de la Transformation Publique]. 2018. “Appel à Manifestation d’intérêt Intelligence Artificielle: 6 Lauréats à Découvrir!” [Call for Those Interested on Artificial Intelligence: 6 Winners to Discover!]. November 21. https://www.modernisation.gouv.fr/outils-et-methodes-pour-transformer/appel-a-manifestation-dinteret-intelligence-artificielle-annonce-des-laureats.
France. MESRI [Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation]. 2018. Stratégie Nationale de Recherché en IA [National Strategy of Research on AI]. Paris: Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, and the Ministry of State for Digital Affairs.
Gouvernement de la République Française. 2018. “France and Canada Create New Expert International Panel on Artificial Intelligence.” Gouvernement, December 7. https://www.gouvernement.fr/en/france-and-canada-create-new-expert-international-panel-on-artificial-intelligence.
Government of Canada. 2017. “Budget Plan 2017. Building a Strong Middle Class. Growing Canada’s Advantage in Artificial Intelligence.” https://www.budget.gc.ca/2017/docs/plan/budget-2017-en.pdf.
Iglauer, Philip. 2016. “South Korea Promises $3b for AI R&D After AlphaGo ‘Shock’.” ZDNet, March 22. https://www.zdnet.com/article/south-korea-promises-3b-for-ai-r-d-after-alphago-shock/.
Japan. Artificial Intelligence Technology Strategy Council. 2017. Artificial Intelligence Technology Strategy. Tokyo: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and NEDO Technology Strategy Center.
Japan. Cabinet Office. 2017. “Report on Artificial Intelligence and Human Society.” Advisory Board on Artificial Intelligence and Human Society. https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/tyousakai/ai/summary/aisociety_en.pdf.
———. 2018a. “人工知能技術戦略会議” [Artificial Intelligence Technology Strategy Council]. https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/tyousakai/jinkochino/6kai/siryo1.pdf.
———. 2018b. “人間中心の AI 社会原則 (案)” [Human-Centered AI Social Principles. Draft]. https://www.cao.go.jp/cstp/tyousakai/humanai/ai_gensoku.pdf.
Japan. MIC [Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications]. 2017. “Draft AI R&D Guidelines for International Discussions.” The Conference toward AI Network Society. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000507517.pdf.
———. 2018. “Draft AI Utilization Principles”. The Conference toward AI Network Society. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000581310.pdf.
Kang, Ki-Hun. 2018. “한국 AI, 미국에 1.8 년 뒤지고 중국 추월 당해…정부, 2.2조원 들여 따라잡는다” [Korean AI is 1.8 Years Behind the US and Overtaken by China… Government is Trying to Catch Up with 2.2 Trillion Won]. Korea Joongang Daily, May 15. https://news.joins.com/article/22625271.
Korea. MSIP [Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning]. 2016. Mid-to Long-Term Master Plan in Preparation for the Intelligent Information Society: Managing the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Seoul: Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning.
Korea. MSIT [Ministry of Science and ICT]. 2018a. “I-Korea 4.0 실현을 위한 인공지능(AI) R&D 전략” [Artificial Intelligence (AI) R & D Strategy for Realizing I-Korea 4.0]. http://www.4th-ir.go.kr/article/download/39.
———. 2018b. “세계적 수준의 인공지능 기술력 확보에 2.2조원 투자” [Investment of KRW 2.2 Trillion to Secure World-Class Artificial Intelligence Technology]. https://www.msit.go.kr/web/msipContents/contentsView.do?cateId=mssw311&artId=1382727.
McCarthy, John. 2007. “What Is Artificial Intelligence.” Stanford University. http://www.formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai.html.
National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2019. “Statistical Communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the 2018 National Economic and Social Development.” February 28. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201902/t20190228_1651335.html.
New America. 2018a. “Translation: Chinese Government Outlines AI Ambitions through 2020.” Translated by Paul Triolo, Elsa Kania and Graham Webster. January 26. https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/translation-chinese-government-outlines-ai-ambitions-through-2020/.
———. 2018b. “Read What Top Chinese Officials are Hearing about AI Competition and Policy.” Translated by Cameron Hickert and Jeffrey Ding. November 29. https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/read-what-top-chinese-officials-are-hearing-about-ai-competition-and-policy/.
Permanent Delegation of Japan to UNESCO. 2019. “AIの倫理に関するハイレベル会合の開催” [High Level Meeting on AI Ethics]. https://www.unesco.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_ja/AI2019.html.
P.R. China. Information Office of the State Council. 2017. “新一代人工智能发展规划” [New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan (AIDP)]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-07/20/content_5211996.htm. P.R China. MIIT [Ministry of Industry and Information Technology]. 2017. 促进新一代人工智能产业发展三年行动计划(2018-2020年)” [Three-Year Action Plan to Promote the Development of New-Generation Artificial Intelligence Industry]. http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146295/n1652858/n1652930/n3757016/c5960820/content.html.
PressReleasePoint. 2018a. “RBC Foundation Supports Advancing Ethical AI with $1 Million Commitment to CIFAR.” October 9. http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/rbc-foundation-supports-advancing-ethical-ai-1-million-commitment-cifar.
———. 2018b. “CIFAR Names 29 Researchers as Canada CIFAR AI Chairs at AI Can Meeting; Attends G7 Conference on AI.” December 16. http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/cifar-names-29-researchers-canada-cifar-ai-chairs-aican-meeting-attends-g7-conference-ai.
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. 2017. “Press Conference by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.” September 25. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/statement/201709/_00011.html.
Sankei News. 2019. “平成31年度AI予算、1.5倍1200億円 自民幹部「まだ1桁足りない」” [FY2019 AI Budget Has Increased 1.5 Times: 12,000 Million Yen. Shinzo Abe, Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Says “It’s Still One Digit Short”]. February 7. https://www.sankei.com/politics/news/190207/plt1902070001-n1.html.
Seow, Bei Yi. 2019. “Singapore, France to Boost Cooperation in Science and Tech Research.” The Strait Times, March 16. https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/spore-france-to-boost-cooperation-in-science-and-tech-research.
Tan, Tieniu. 2018. “人工智能的创新发展与社会影响。” [The Innovative Development and Social Impact of Artificial Intelligence]. 7th Lecture for the 13th National People’s Congress Standing Committee Speeches on Special Topics. http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/npc/xinwen/2018-10/29/content_2065419.htm.
UNESCO. 2019. “Principles for AI: Towards a Humanistic Approach? A Global Conference.” https://en.unesco.org/artificial-intelligence/principles-ai-towards-humanistic-approach/programme.
Université de Montréal. 2018. “Montréal Declaration for Responsible Development of Artificial Intelligence.” Montréal Declaration Responsible AI. https://www.montrealdeclaration-responsibleai.com/.
U.S. DARPA [Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]. 2018. “DARPA Announces $2 Billion Campaign to Develop Next Wave of AI Technologies.” September 7. https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2018-09-07.
U.S. DoD [Department of Defense]. 2019. Summary of the 2018 Department of Defense Artificial Intelligence Strategy. Harnessing AI to Advance Our Security and Prosperity. Arlington, VA: United States of America. Department of Defense.
U.S. Executive Office of the President. 2016. Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and the Economy. Washington DC: White House.
U.S. NITRD [Networking and Information Technology Research and Development]. 2016. Supplement to the President’s Budget for Fiscal Year 2017. Arlington, VA: United States of America. National Science and Technology Council.
———. 2017. Supplement to the President’s Budget for Fiscal Year 2018. Arlington, VA: United States of America. National Science and Technology Council.
———. 2018. Supplement to the President’s FY 2019 Budget. Arlington, VA: United States of America. National Science and Technology Council.
U.S. NSF [National Science Foundation]. 2018. “National Science Board Statement on Global Research and Development (R&D) Investments NSB-2018-9.” February 7. https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=244465.
U.S. NSTC [National Science and Technology Council]. 2016a. The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan. Washington, DC: United States of America. Executive Office of the President.
———. 2016b. Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence. Washington DC: United States of America. Executive Office of the President. NSTC Committee on Technology.
Villani, Cédric, Marc Schoenauer, Yann Bonnet, Charly Berthet, Anne-Charlotte Cornut, François Levin, and Bertrand Rondepierre. 2018. For a Meaningful Artificial Intelligence: Towards a French and European Strategy. Paris: Conseil National du Numérique (French Digital Council).
Villani Mission on AI. 2018. “AI for Humanity: French Strategy for Artificial Intelligence.” Paris: Conseil National du Numérique (French Digital Council). https://www.aiforhumanity.fr/en/.
White House. 2018. Summary of the 2018 White House Summit on Artificial Intelligence for American Industry. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President of the United States, Office of Science and Technology Policy.
———. 2019. “Executive Order 13859 of February 11, 2019 Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence.” Federal Register 84 (31): 3967–3972. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-02-14/pdf/2019-02544.pdf.
World Bank. 2019. “Research and Development Expenditure (% of GDP).” Indicators. Science and Technology. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator.
Zhang, Byoung-Tak. 2016. “Humans and Machines in the Evolution of AI in Korea.” AI Magazine 37 (2): 108–112.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Salas-Pilco, S.Z. (2021). Comparison of National Artificial Intelligence (AI): Strategic Policies and Priorities. In: Keskin, T., Kiggins, R.D. (eds) Towards an International Political Economy of Artificial Intelligence. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74420-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74420-5_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-74419-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-74420-5
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)