National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003) Report to Congress on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Steps to Prevent a Serious Public Health Problem.
Google Scholar
Barnett BP, Singman EL. Vision concerns after mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2015;17:329.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Traumatic-Brain-Injury-Information-Page
Hoffer ME, Balaban CD. Neurosensory disorders in mild traumatic brain injury. Neurosensory Disord Mild Trauma Brain Inj. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-03480-0.
Katz DI, Cohen SI, Alexander MP. Mild traumatic brain injury. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;127C:131–56.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Press LJ. Vision rehabilitation: multidisciplinary care of the patient following brain injury. Optom – J Am Optom Assoc. 2011;82:724–5.
Google Scholar
Iverson GL, Gaetz M, Lovell MR, Collins MW. Cumulative effects of concussion in amateur athletes. Brain Inj. 2004;18:433–43.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Magone MT, Kwon E, Shin SY. Chronic visual dysfunction after blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51:71–80.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Johnson VE, Stewart W, Smith DH. Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2013;246:35–43.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Digre KB, Brennan KC. Shedding light on photophobia. J Neuroophthalmol. 2012;32:68–81.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Katz BJ, Digre KB. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of photophobia. Surv Ophthalmol. 2016;61:466–77.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Vincent AJP, Spierings ELH, Messinger HB. A controlled study of visual symptoms and eye strain factors in chronic headache. Headache J Head Face Pain. 1989;29:523–7.
CAS
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Irimia P, Cittadini E, Paemeleire K, Cohen AS, Goadsby PJ. Unilateral photophobia or phonophobia in migraine compared with trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:626–30.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Adams WH, Digre KB, Patel BCK, Anderson RL, Warner JEA, Katz BJ. The evaluation of light sensitivity in benign essential blepharospasm. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:82–7.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Bengtzen R, Woodward M, Lynn MJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V. The “sunglasses sign” predicts nonorganic visual loss in neuro-ophthalmologic practice. Neurology. 2008;70:218–21.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Waddell PA, Gronwall DMA. Sensitivity to light and sound following minor head injury. Acta Neurol Scand. 1984;69:270–6.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Bohnen N, Twijnstra A, Wijnen G, Jolles J. Tolerance for light and sound of patients with persistent post-concussional symptoms 6 months after mild head injury. J Neurol. 1991;238:443–6.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Moulton EA, Becerra L, Borsook D. An fMRI case report of photophobia: activation of the trigeminal nociceptive pathway. Pain. 2009;145:358–63.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Emoto H, Suzuki Y, Wakakura M, Horie C, Kiyosawa M, Mochizuki M, Kawasaki K, Oda K, Ishiwata K, Ishii K. Photophobia in essential blepharospasm – a positron emission tomographic study. Mov Disord. 2010;25:433–9.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Denuelle M, Boulloche N, Payoux P, Fabre N, Trotter Y, Géraud G. A PET study of photophobia during spontaneous migraine attacks. Neurology. 2011;76:213–8.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Okamoto K, Thompson R, Tashiro A, Chang Z, Bereiter DA. Bright light produces Fos-positive neurons in caudal trigeminal brainstem. Neuroscience. 2009;160:858–64.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Noseda R, Kainz V, Jakubowski M, Gooley JJ, Saper CB, Digre K, Burstein R. A neural mechanism for exacerbation of headache by light. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13:239–45.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Dolgonos S, Ayyala H, Evinger C. Light-induced trigeminal sensitization without central visual pathways: another mechanism for photophobia. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:7852–8.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Albilali A, Dilli E. Photophobia: when light hurts, a review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018;18:4–9.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Mysona B, Dun Y, Duplantier J, Ganapathy V, Smith SB. Effects of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress on the glutamate transporters GLAST and system xc- in mouse retinal Müller glial cells. Cell Tissue Res. 2009;335:477–88.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Lew HL, Poole JH, Vanderploeg RD, Goodrich GL, Dekelboum S, Guillory SB, Sigford B, Cifu DX. Program development and defining characteristics of returning military in a VA Polytrauma Network Site. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44:1027–34.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Stelmack JA, Frith T, Van Koevering D, Rinne S, Stelmack TR. Visual function in patients followed at a Veterans Affairs polytrauma network site: an electronic medical record review. Optometry. 2009;80:419–24.
Google Scholar
Capó-Aponte JE, Urosevich TG, Temme LA, Tarbett AK, Sanghera NK. Visual dysfunctions and symptoms during the subacute stage of blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. Mil Med. 2012;177:804–13.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Wojcik SM. Predicting mild traumatic brain injury patients at risk of persistent symptoms in the Emergency Department. Brain Inj. 2014;28:422–30.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Truong JQ, Ciuffreda KJ, Han MHE, Suchoff IB. Photosensitivity in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): a retrospective analysis. Brain Inj. 2014;28:1283–7.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Fimreite V, Willeford KT, Ciuffreda KJ. Effect of chromatic filters on visual performance in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): a pilot study. J Optom. 2016;9:231–9.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Yuhas PT, Shorter PD, McDaniel CE, Earley MJ, Hartwick ATE. Observer-perceived light aversion behaviour in photophobic subjects with traumatic brain injury. Clin Exp Optom. 2019;102:621–6.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Wu Y, Hallett M. Photophobia in neurologic disorders. Transl Neurodegener. 2017;6:1–6.
CAS
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Evans RW, Seifert T, Kailasam J, Mathew NT. The use of questions to determine the presence of photophobia and phonophobia during migraine. Headache. 2008;48:395–7.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Choi JY, Oh K, Kim BJ, Chung CS, Koh SB, Park KW. Usefulness of a photophobia questionnaire in patients with migraine. Cephalalgia. 2009;29:953–9.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Gallin PF, Terman M, Reme CE, Rafferty B, Terman JS, Burde RM. Ophthalmologic examination of patients with seasonal affective disorder, before and after bright light therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:202–10.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Car Tinting Laws: Window Tint Laws in United States. https://www.tinting-laws.com. Accessed 3 Feb 2020.
Clark J, Hasselfeld K, Bigsby K, Divine J. Colored glasses to mitigate photophobia symptoms posttraumatic brain injury. J Athl Train. 2017;52:725–9.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Main A, Vlachonikolis I, Dowson A. The wavelength of light causing photophobia in migraine and tension-type headache between attacks. Headache. 2000;40:194–9.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Wilkins AJ, Nimmo-Smith I, Slater AI, Bedocs L. Fluorescent lighting, headaches and eyestrain. Light Res Technol. 1989;21:11–8.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Good PA, Taylor RH, Mortimer MJ. The use of tinted glasses in childhood migraine. Headache J Head Face Pain. 1991;31:533–6.
CAS
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Blackburn MK, Lamb RD, Digre KB, Smith AG, Warner JEA, McClane RW, Nandedkar SD, Langeberg WJ, Holubkov R, Katz BJ. FL-41 tint improves blink frequency, light sensitivity, and functional limitations in patients with benign essential blepharospasm. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:997–1001.
Google Scholar
Peters M, Price J. The Peters/Price (see to play) vision concussion protocol: diagnosis and treatment? Optom Vis Perform. 2015;3:126–38.
Google Scholar
Mares C, Dagher JH, Harissi-Dagher M. Narrative review of the pathophysiology of headaches and photosensitivity in mild traumatic brain injury and concussion. Can J Neurol Sci. 2019;46:14–22.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Sprenger T, Goadsby PJ. Migraine pathogenesis and state of pharmacological treatment options. BMC Med. 2009;7:71.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CrossRef
CAS
Google Scholar
Bigal ME, Bordini CA, Tepper SJ, Speciali JG. Intravenous magnesium sulphate in the acute treatment of migraine without aura and migraine with aura. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2002;22:345–53.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Kaiser EA, Kuburas A, Recober A, Russo AF. Modulation of CGRP-induced light aversion in wild-type mice by a 5-HT1B/D agonist. J Neurosci. 2012;32:15439–49.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Recober A, Kaiser EA, Kuburas A, Russo AF. Induction of multiple photophobic behaviors in a transgenic mouse sensitized to CGRP. Neuropharmacology. 2010;58:156–65.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Lebensohn JE. Photophobia: mechanism and implications. Am J Ophthalmol. 1951;34:1294–300.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Freeman MD, Nystrom A, Centeno C. Chronic whiplash and central sensitization; an evaluation of the role of a myofascial trigger points in pain modulation. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2009;4:2.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shoari M, Katz BJ. Treatment of the photo-oculodynia syndrome with botulinum toxin A. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2007;31:105–9.
Google Scholar
Diener HC, Dodick DW, Aurora SK, Turkel CC, Degryse RE, Lipton RB, Silberstein SD, Brin MF. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:804–14.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Fine PG, Digre KB. A controlled trial of regional sympatholysis in the treatment of photo-oculodynia syndrome. J Neuroophthalmol. 1995;15:90–4.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar