Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bee Diversity of Pakistan

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia

  • 754 Accesses

Abstract

Pakistan covers an area of 132,700 km2. It is bestowed with a rich natural heritage of pollinator’s diversity due to its diverse geographical features. The climate is subtropical and semiarid with ten agroecological zones. Many crops benefit from insect pollinations, which have a major impact on yield. The diversity of bees of different crops is still unexplored. The major work done on pollinator diversity belongs to Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces with great ecological divisions. The bee fauna includes all the families of hymenopterans. Several crops benefit from the natural fauna of non-Apis bees along with honeybees, and a remarkable progress is going on toward commercial rearing of European bumblebees. The use of pesticides, climate change and land use change are considered as the major threats for bee populations. Severe yield losses have been noticed due to decline in pollinator diversity in northern and other irrigated areas. Pakistan National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan has been working on various issues in collaboration with the government of Pakistan and many national and international organizations for the better management and conservation of the natural biodiversity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahmad R (1976) A note on insect pollinators of alfalfa in Pakistan. N Zeal Entomol 6:190–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad R (1991) Effect of honeybee pollination on fruit yield of cucumber crop. Pak J Zool 24:88–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad S, Aziz MA (2017) Review: risk assessment of pesticides on honeybee and pollination of agriculture crops in Pakistan. Asian J Agri Biol 5:140–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad S, Muhammad T, Karim A et al (2003) Effect of pollinators and insecticides on seed setting of onion (Allium cepa L.). Online J Biol Sci 3(3):305–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad F, Partap U, Joshi SR, Gurung MB (2004) Indigenous honeybees: allies for mountain farmers. Leisa Magazine 20:4

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad I, Ambreen R, Sun Z, Deng W (2015) Winter-Spring Precipitation Variability in Pakistan. Am J Climate Change 4(1): 115–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, Bodlah I, Mehmood K et al (2015a) Pollination and foraging potential of European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on tomato crop under greenhouse system. Pak J Zool 47:1279–1285

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad H, Ozturk M, Ahmad W, Khan SM (2015b) Status of natural resources in the uplands of the Swat Valley, Pakistan. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Climate change impacts on high-altitude ecosystems. Springer, New York, pp 49–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad A, Ahmad I, Riaz K et al (2018) Agro-ecological zoning in Punjab-Pakistan. Rome FAO, p 62

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar T, Aziz MA, Naeem M et al (2018) Diversity and relative abundance of pollinator fauna of canola (Brassica napus L. var. Chakwal Sarsoon) with Managed Apis mellifera L. in Pothwar Region, Gujar Khan, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 50(2):567–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali SI (1978) The Flora of Pakistan: some general and analytical remarks. Notes Roy Bot Gard Edinburgh 36:427–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali M, Saeed S, Sajjad S, Whittington A (2011) In search of the best pollinators for canola (Brassica napus L.) production in Pakistan. Appl Entomol Zool 46(3):353–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali M, Saeed S, Sajjad S, Bashir MA (2014) Exploring the best native pollinators for pumpkin production in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 46(2):531–539

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali H, Owayss AA, Khan KA, Alqarni AS (2015) Insect visitors and abundance of four species of Apis on sunflower Helianthus annuus L. in Pakistan. Acta Zool Bulg 67:235–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali H, Alqarni AS, Shebl M, Engel MS (2016a) Notes on the nesting biology of the small carpenter bee Ceratina smaragdula (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in northwestern Pakistan. Fla Entomol 99(1):89–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali M, Saeed S, Sajjad A (2016b) Pollen deposition is more important than species richness for seed set in luffa gourd. Neotrop Entomol 45:499–506

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali M, Sajjad A, Farooqi MA et al (2020) Assessing indigenous and local knowledge of farmers about pollination services in cucurbit agro-ecosystem of Punjab, Pakistan. Saudi J Biol Sci 27(1):189–194

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altay V (2019) Ecology of Pinus sylvestris L. Forests – a case study from Istanbul (Turkey). Pak J Bot 51(5):1711–1718

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Karahan F (2017) Ruderal vejetasyon üzerine bir ön çalışma. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 1(2):68–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Ozturk M (2012) Land degradation and halophytic plant diversity of Milleyha Wetland Ecosystem (Samandağ-Hatay), Turkey. Pak J Bot 44:37–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Ozturk M (2020) The genera Salsola and Suaeda (Amaranthaceae) and their value as fodder. In: Grigore M-N (ed) Handbook of halophytes. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17854-3_97-1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Ozyıgıt II, Yarcı C (2010a) Urban flora and ecological characteristics of the Kartal District (Istanbul): a contribution to urban ecology in Turkey. Sci Res Essays 5(2):183–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Ozyıgıt II, Yarcı C (2010b) Urban ecological characteristics and vascular wall flora on the Anatolian side of Istanbul, Turkey. Maejo Int J Sci Technol 4(3):483–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Ozyıgıt II, Yarcı C (2012a) Plant communities in urban habitats of Istanbul-Turkey. Pak J Bot 44:177–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Serın M, Yarcı C, Severoglu Z (2012b) Phytoecological and phytosociological investigations of the vegetation of Gölcuk (Kocaeli/Turkey). Ekoloji 21(84):74–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Keskin M, Karahan F (2015a) An assessment of the plant biodiversity of Mustafa Kemal University Tayfur Sokmen Campus (Hatay-Turkey) for the view of human health. Int J Sci Technol Res 1(2):83–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Ozyığıt II, Osma E et al (2015b) Environmental relationships of the vascular flora alongside the railway tracks between Haydarpasa and Gebze (Istanbul-Kocaeli/Turkey). J Environ Biol 36:153–162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Karahan F, Ozturk M et al (2016) Molecular and ecological investigations on the wild populations of Glycyrrhiza L. taxa distributed in the East Mediterranean Area of Turkey. J Plant Res 129(6):1021–1032

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Karahan P, Karahan F, Ozturk M (2018) Pollen analysis of honeys from Hatay/Turkey. Biol Diver Conserv 11(3):209–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Altay V, Silc U, Yarcı C et al (2020) Urban vegetation of the Anatolian side of Istanbul. Phytocoenologia 50(2):101–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2017–2018) Agriculture statistic of Pakistan 2017–2018. Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Ascher JS, Rasmussen C (2010) The bee fauna and pollination in Pakistan. FAO Report Rome (Italy): FAO (UN), p 51

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslam M, Razzaq M, Hussain S, Akhter W (2004) Effect of insect pollinators on fruit setting on Mango (Mangifera indica L.). J Sci Res 15:53–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslam S, Rafi MA, Zia A (2017) Non-Apis bees of family Apidae (Hymenoptera) from Potohar region of Pakistan. J Entomol Zool Stud 5(2):6–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Bashir MA, Saeed S, Sajjad A (2013) Monitoring methods of pollinators in different forest ecosystems of southern Punjab Pakistan. Pak J Agri Sci 50(3):359–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Bashir MA, Saeed S, Sajjad A, Ali M (2015) Seasonal variation in abundance and diversity of insect pollinators in forest ecosystem of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pure Appl Biol 4(3):441–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Bashir MA, Saeed S, Sajjad A et al (2018a) Insect pollinator diversity in four forested ecosystems of southern Punjab. Pak Saudi J Biol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.02.007

  • Bashir MA, Alvi AM, Khan KA et al (2018b) Role of pollination in yield and physicochemical properties of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). Saudi J Biol Sci 25(7):1291–1297

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bashir MA, Alvi AM, Rehmani MIA et al (2019) Pollinators diversity for tomatoes crop under agro-forest ecosystem of Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab Pakistan. Pure Appl Biol 8(2):1487–1493

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingham CT (1897) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera Vol. I. Wasps and bees. Taylor & Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodlah I, Amjad M, Ahmad M et al (2015) Two genera of Xylocopinae (Hymenoptera) with floral host plants from Pothwar (Punjab), Pakistan. Pak Entomol 37(1):33–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodlah I, Amjad M, Bodlah MA, Qayyum A (2016a) First record of two genera of Anthophorini and one genus of Melectini (Apinae: Apidae: Hymenoptera) from Pothwar Punjab, Pakistan. J Entomol Zool Stud 4(4):1031–1035

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodlah I, Amjad M, Bodlah MA, Saeed M (2016b) Record of Sweet Bees, Genus Nomia Latreille, 1804 (Halictidae: Apoidea) from Pothwar tract, Pakistan. J Entomol Zool Stud 4(3):178–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalheiro LG, Seymour CL, Veldtman R, Nicolson SW (2010) Pollination services decline with distance from natural habitat even in biodiversity-rich areas. J Appl Ecol 47(4):810–820

    Google Scholar 

  • Combey R (2008) Phylogenetic analyses of the bee tribe Anthidiini Andrevision of the Afrotropical Genus Anthidiellum (Cockerell) Ph.D Thesis. Department of Entomology and Wildlife of the School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast

    Google Scholar 

  • Condit R, Nigel P, Egbert GLJ et al (2002) Beta-diversity in tropical forest trees. Science 295:666–669

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbet SA, Williams IH, Osborne JL (1991) Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European Community. Beeworld 72:47–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham SA (2000) Depressed pollination in habitat fragments causes low fruit set. Proc R Soc Lond B 267:1149–1152

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eskin B, Altay V, Ozyıgıt II, Serın M (2012) Urban vascular flora and ecological characteristics of the Pendik District (Istanbul-Turkey). Afr J Agric Res 7(4):629–646

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2018) Commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture, intergovernmental technical working group on Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture Tenth Session, Rome, 27–29 June 2018

    Google Scholar 

  • Fründ J, Linsenmair KE, Bluthgen N (2010) Pollinator diversity and specialization in relation to flower diversity. Oikos 119(10):1581–1590

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganie MA, Amit KP, Nazeer A (2014) Assessment of relative abundance and diversity of native insect pollinators in apple orchards of Kashmir Himalaya. Asian J Agri Biol 2(1):36–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Garratt MPD, Truslove CL, Coston DJ et al (2014) Pollination deficits in UK apple orchards. J Pollinat Ecol 12(2):9–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghazala N, Rasul G (2009) Water requirement of wheat crop in Pakistan. Pak J Meteorol 6(11):89–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghori N-H, Ghori T, Hayat MQ et al (2019) Heavy metal stress and responses in plants. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16:1807–1828

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giannini TC, Cordeiro GD, Freitas BM et al (2015) The dependence of crops for pollinators and the economic value of pollination in Brazil. J Econ Entomol 108(3):849–857

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez JM, Bosch J, Perfectti F et al (2007) Pollinator diversity affects plant reproduction and recruitments: the tradeoffs of generalization. Oecologia 153(3):597–605

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez JM, Abdelaziz M, Lorite J et al (2010) Changes in pollinator fauna cause spatial variation in pollen limitation. J Ecol 98:1243–1252

    Google Scholar 

  • Gondal SMA, Haq M (1973) Studies on the role of Apis indica F. in the pollination of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Linn.) and radish (Raphanus sativus Linn.). Sind U Res J (Sci Ser) 7(1):87–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurmani HTW, Jaleel W, Saeed S et al (2016) The pollination potential of Apis cerana Feb., Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera; Apidae) on yield of apricot (Prunus armeniaca). Peer J Preprints 4:e2396v1

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq M, Din MR, Ghaffar A (1978) Effect of insect pollination on fruit bearing in Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and physical and chemical properties of fruit. J Apic Res 17(1):47–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq A, Shehzad A, Ilyas M et al (2016) Diversity and relative abundance of citrus pollinators in district Haripur, Pakistan. Pak J Agric Res 29(3):244–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashmi AA, Shafiullah (2003) Northern areas strategy for sustainable development. IUCN Pakistan, Northern Areas Programme, Gilgit, 111 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain A, Khan MR, Ghffar A et al (2012) The hymenopterous pollinators of Himalayan foot hills of Pakistan (distributional diversity). African J Biotech 11(28):7263–7269

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain A, Attaullah M, Rafi MA et al (2019) Diversity of carpenter bee fauna (Xylocopa spp.) in Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. IAJPS 6(10):13512–13520

    Google Scholar 

  • Imanberdieva N, Imankul B, Severoğlu Z et al (2018a) Chapter 15: Potential impacts of climate change on plant diversity of Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve in Kyrgyzstan. In: Egamberdieva D, Ozturk M (eds) Vegetation of Central Asia and Environs. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018, pp 349–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Imanberdieva N, Severoğlu Z, Kurmanbekova G et al (2018b) Chapter 16: Plant diversity of ala-Archa Nature Park in Kyrgyzstan with emphasis on its economic potential. In: Egamberdieva D, Öztürk M (eds) Vegetation of Central Asia and Environs. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018, pp 365–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Imran M, Ahmad M, Naeem M et al (2015a) Effect of fresh pollen pellets and pollen balls coated with and without beeswax on the life history parameter of bumblebee. J Biodivers Environ Sci 6(5):144–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Imran M, Munir A, Farooq MN, Shafqat S (2015b) Effect of different nest box materials on the mating of European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) under controlled environmental conditions. Pak J Zool 47:241–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Imran M, Ahmad M, Naeem M et al (2017) Effect of different types of boxes on rearing of Bumble bee, Bombus terrestris. Pak J Zool 49(1):177–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IPBES (2016) Summary for policymakers of the assessment report of the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services on pollinators, pollination and food production. In: Potts SG et al (eds) Secretariat of the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Bonn, Germany, 36 p

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014. Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal Z, Rafi MA, Shehzad A et al (2016) Wild bees’ fauna associated with almond plantation in northern Pakistan. Pak J Entomol 31(1):117–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Irshad M, Stephen E (2010) Facilitation manual conservation and management of pollinators for sustainable agriculture through ecosystem approach in Pakistan. PARC Islamabad, FAO, 43 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Irshad M, Stephen E (2013) Value of insect pollinators to agriculture of Pakistan. Int J Agron Agric Res 3(5):14–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Irshad M, Stephen E (2014) Review: pollination, pollinated, and pollinators interactions in Pakistan. J Biores Manage 1(1):19–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Kafi M, Kamili AN, Husaini AM et al (2018) Chapter 4: An expensive spice – Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) – case study from Kashmir, Iran and Turkey. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Global perspectives on underutilized crops. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018, p 109–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamal S, Akhtar M (1975) Role of insects in the pollination of Raya (Brassica juncea H. F. & T.) flowers. Pak J Agric Sci 13(1):65–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang SA (2013) Impacts of pesticide use in Pakistan agriculture: their benefits and hazards. http://zaraimedia.com/2013/02/13/impact-ofpesticides-use-in-pakistan-agriculture-their-benefitsand-hazards/. Accessed 12 Dec 2013

  • Karahan F, Çelik O, Kayıkçı S, Altay V (2012a) Eski Antakya evleri (Antakya-Hatay) duvarlarında yayılış gösteren vasküler bitkiler. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 5(2):131–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Karahan F, Çelik O, Kayıkçı S, Altay V (2012b) Antakya (Hatay)’nın ayakaltı bitkileri. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 5(2):135–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan BM, Chaudhry MI (1988) Comparative assessment of honey bees and other insects with self-pollination of Sarson in Peshawar. Pak J Forest 38:231–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan MR, Khan MR (2004) The role of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in pollination of apple. Pak J Biol Sci 7(3):359–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan BM, Shahid M, Chaudhry MI (1986) Effect of honey bee pollination on the fruit setting and yield of loquat, Eriobotrya japonica. Pak J Forest 36(2):73–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan MA, Iqbal M, Ahmad I et al (2002) Economic evaluation of pesticide use externalities in the cotton zones of Punjab, Pakistan. Pak Dev Rev 41:683–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan KA, Ahmad KJ, Razzaq A et al (2012) Pollination effect of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on apple fruit development and its weight. Persian Gulf Crop Protect 1(2):1–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan KA, Ansari MJ, Al-Ghamdi A et al (2014) Biodiversity and relative abundance of different honeybee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Murree-Punjab, Pakistan. J Entomol Zool Stud 2(4):324–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan H, Rafi MA, Baset A et al (2018) Exploring of bumble bee fauna and its biogeographical affiliation in district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Entomol Zool Stud 6(6):1041–1048

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein AM, Vaissiere BE, Cane JH et al (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc R Soc B Biolo Sci 274(1608):303–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson BMH, Kevan PG, Inouye DW (2001) Flies and flowers: taxonomic diversity of anthophiles and pollinators. Can Entomol 133(4):439–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Latif A, Qayyum HA, Abbas M (1960) The role of Apis indica in the pollination of toria and sarson (Brassica campestris var. toria and dichotoma). Bee World 41:283–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Latif A, Qayyum HA, Abbas M (1965) Insect pollinators of toria (Brassica campestris) var. toria and sarson (Brassica campestris var. dichotoma). Pak J Agric Sci 2(4):274–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Latif AS, Saeed S, Sajjad A, Malik S (2014) Variation in pollinator assemblage and reproductive performance of white clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). Pak Entomol 36(2):89–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Latif A, Iqbal N, Ejaz M et al (2016) Pollination biology of Callistemon viminalis (Sol. Ex Gaertn.) G. Don (Myrtaceae), Punjab, Pakistan. J Asia Pac Entomol 19(2):467–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Letchamo W, Ozturk M, Altay V et al (2018) Chapter 2: A alternative potential natural genetic resource: Seabuckthorn [Elaeagnus rhamnoides (syn.: Hippophae rhamnoides)]. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Global perspectives on underutilized crops. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018, p 25–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Losey J, Vaughn M (2006) The economic value of ecological services provided by insects. Bio Sci 56(4):311–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood R, Ahmad W, Muhamamd KR et al (2017) Pollination deficit in apple orchards at Murree, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 49(3):897–8903

    Google Scholar 

  • Maryam H, Rafi MA, Zia A et al (2020) Insect pollinator fauna of apricot from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Pak J Agric Res 33(2):202–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Masoodi KZ, Amin I, Mansoor S et al (2020) Botanicals from the Himalayas with anticancer potential – an emphasis on Kashmir Himalayas. In: Munir Ozturk M, Egamberdieva D, Pešić M (eds) Chapter 11: Biodiversity and biomedicine – our future. Academic Press, pp 189–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Michener C (2000) The bees of the world. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Michener CD (2007) The bees of the world, 2nd edn. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimor

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitsuhata M (2000) Pollination of crops with bumblebee colonies in Japan. Honeybee Sci 21:17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Moeller DA (2005) Pollinator community structure and sources of spatial variation in plant-pollinator interactions in Clarkia xantiana ssp. xantiana. Oecologia 142:28–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mushtaq W, Mehdizade M, Siddiqui MB, Ozturk M, Jabran K, Altay V (2020) Phytotoxicity of above – ground weed residue against some crops and weeds. Pak J Bot 52(3):851–860

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muzaffar N, Ahmad R (1990) Apis spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and their distribution in Pakistan. Pak J Agric Res 11(1):65–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasir M, Munir A, Shafqat S et al (2015) Light intensity improves the copulating behavior and colony initiation of bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Int J Biosci 7(2):56–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasir M, Saeed S, Ahmad M et al (2019) Effect of different diapause conditions on Bombus terrestris colony characteristics. Pak J Zool 51(4):1273–1280

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NBSAP (2015) National biodiversity strategy and action plan. Government of Pakistan. http://www.mocc.gov.pk/moclc/userfiles1/file/Draft%20NBSAP%20(29nov16).pdf. Accessed 1 May 2016

  • Noorka IR, Iqbal MS, Ozturk M et al (2019) Chapter 1: Cotton, white gold of Pakistan: an efficient technique for bumper crop production. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Crop production technologies for sustainable use and conservation-physiological and molecular advances. Apple Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Osma E, Ozyıgıt II, Altay V, Serın M (2010) Urban vascular flora and ecological characteristics of Kadikoy district, Istanbul, Turkey. Maejo Int J Sci Technol 4(1):64–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M (2018) Biodiversity and climate change: our home is on fire. In: 2nd International science conference on “natural sciences, climate & biodiversity”, September 15–17, Muzaffarabad-Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, p 68

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M (2020) Global risks, climate change and Ecocommandments. Smart plantation: an ultimate solution to climate change. Lahore College for Womens University 2–4 March, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V (2018) Impact of climate change on sea level, bioresources, biodiversity, marine invasive species, ecology and food web: past, present, and future. In: Understandıng the problems of inland waters: case study for the Caspıan Basin (UPCB), 12–14 May, Baku, Azerbaijan, p 30–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Aksoy A, Gucel S, Altundag E (2010a) Biodiversity & conservation – a case Study from Europe & Turkey. In: Bhatti R, Soomro SA (eds) Proceedings of 2nd international conference “Biodiversity is our Life “(IC Biour-Life). Center for Biod & Cons, Shah Abdul Latif Univ, Khairpur, Pakistan, pp 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Gucel S, Guvensen A, Altundag E (2010b) Evaluating the effects of climate change on coastal areas, lagoons and wetlands, including economic, social and environmental aspects-a case study from Turkey. GFSCC2010, 24–29 October, Valencia, Spain

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Gucel S, Altundag E, Celik S (2011) Chapter 5: Turkish Mediterranean medicinal plants in the face of climate change. In: Ahmad A et al (eds) Medicinal plants in changing environment. Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, pp 50–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Gucel S, Aksoy A (2012a) Aegean Grasslands as endangered ecosystems in Turkey. Pak J Bot 44:7–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Efe R, Çelık A et al (2012b) Comparative study on biogeography of protected and degraded habitats in Dilek Peninsula, Turkey. J Balkan Ecol 15(4):383–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Latiff A, Faridah-Hanum I, Hakeem KR (guest eds) (2013) Ecosystem biodiversity – prospects and challenges. Sains Malaysiana 42(10):1357–1538

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Gucel S, Guvensen A (2014a) Halophytes in the East Mediterranean-their medicinal and other economical values. Sabkha ecosystems. Volume IV. Cash crop halophyte and biodiversity conservation tasks for vegetation science Vol. 47, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 247–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Dalgıç R, Guvensen A, Altay V, Gucel S (2014b) Honey-pollen-health: Palinochemical analysis of honey from Turkey. In Proceedings of IS on medicinal plants and natural products (Ghaemghami J et al (eds)). Acta Hort 1030, ISHS 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Hakeem KR, Faridah-Hanum I, Efe R (eds) (2015) Climate change impacts on high-altitude ecosystems. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Altundağ E, Gucel S (2016) Chapter 18: Halophytic plant diversity of unique habitats in Turkey: salt mine caves of Çankırı and Iğdır. In: Khan MA, Ozturk M, Gul B, Ahmed MZ (eds) Halophytes for food security in dry lands. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801854-5.00018-2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Gonenç TM (2017a) Chapter 24: Herbal from high mountains in the East Mediterranean. In: Bhojraj S et al (eds) Drug discovery from herbs-approaches and applications. NAM S & T Centre, DAYA Publishing House, New Delhi, pp 327–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Gucel S, Altundağ E (2017b) Chapter 5: Plant diversity of the drylands in Southeast Anatolia-Turkey: role in human health and food security. In: Ansari AA, Gill SS (eds) Plant biodiversity: monitoring, assessment and conservation. CABI, Wallingford, pp 83–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Hakeem KR, Akçiçek E (2017c) Liquorice from botany to phytochemistry. SpringerBriefs Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74240-3

  • Ozturk M, Uysal I, Yucel E et al (2017d) Soil-plant interactions in the monumental plane trees (Platanus orientalis) grove-Canakkale-Turkey. J Environ Biol 38(6):1129–1137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Karahan F (2017e) Studies on trace elements distributed in Glycyrrhiza taxa in Hatay-Turkey. Int J Plant Environ 3(2):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Latiff A et al (2018a) Chapter 9: A comparative analysis of the medicinal pteridophytes in Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018, pp 349–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Latiff A et al (2018b) Chapter 11: A comparative analysis of the medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus in the traditional medicine in Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018, pp 409–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Latiff A et al (2018c) Chapter 16: Potential medicinal plants used in the hypertension in Turkey, Pakistan, and Malaysia. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018, pp 595–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Gökler I, Altay V (2018d) Chapter 8: Medicinal bryophytes distributed in Turkey. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018, Cham, pp 323–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altundağ E, Ibadullayeva SJ, Altay V, Aslanıpour B (2018e) A comparative analysis of medicinal and aromatic plants used in the traditional medicine of Iğdır (Turkey), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), and Tabriz (Iran). Pak J Bot 50(1):337–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Altundağ E, Ibadullayeva SJ, Aslanipour B, Gönenç TM (2018f) Chapter 6: Herbals in Iğdır (Turkey), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), and Tabriz (Iran). In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, vol 1. Springer, Cham, pp 197–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Orçen N et al (2018g) Chapter 3: A little known and a little consumed natural resource: Salicornia. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Global perspectives on underutilized crops. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018: Cham, p 83–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Guvensen A (2019a) Chapter 11: Sustainable use of halophytic taxa as food and fodder – an important genetic resource in Southwest Asia. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Öztürk M (eds) Ecophysiology, abiotic stress responses and utilization of halophytes. Springer, Singapore, pp 235–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Kucuk M, Yalçın IE (2019b) Trace elements in the soil-plant systems of copper mine areas-a case study from Murgul copper mine from the Black Sea region of Turkey. Phyton Int J Exp Bot 88(3):223–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Kucuk M et al (2020a) Preservation and ecology of a living relict shrub in South Caucasus as a eco-genetic heritage from tertiary: Epigaea gaultherioides (Boiss. & Bal.) Takht. J Environ Biol 41:279–284

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Altay V, Guvensen A (2020b) Portulaca oleracea: a vegetable from saline habitats. In: Grigore M-N (ed) Handbook of halophytes, vol 2020. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Egamberdieva D, Milica P (2020c) Biodiversity and biomedicine-our future. Academic Press-Elsevier Inc, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozyiğit II, Severoglu Z, Vatansever R, Ozturk M (2015a) Soil-plant interactions in the high altitude ecosystems: a case study from Kaz Dağı (Mount Ida)-Turkey. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Climate change impacts on high-altitude ecosystems. Springer, New York, pp 343–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozyiğit S, Altay V, Ozyığıt II, Yarcı C (2015b) Vegetation ecology of the Princes’ Islands, Istanbul-Turkey. J Environ Biol 36:113–120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PARC (1980) Agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. PARC, Islamabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Partap U, Partap T (2002) Warning signals from the apple valleys of Hindu Kush-Himalayas: productivity concerns and pollination problems. Katmandu ICMOD 33

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleskanovskaya SA, Mamedova MA, Ashıralıyeva MA et al (2019) Chapter 2: Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) in Turkmenistan - medicinal and biological aspects. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR (eds) Plant and human health, − pharmacology and therapeutic uses, vol 3. Springer Nature Switzerland 2019, pp 23–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafique MK, Mahmood R, Stephen E et al (2016) Pollination deficit in mango orchards at Multan, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 48(1):35–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajpar MN, Ozturk M, Altay V et al (2020) Species composition of dry-temperate forest as an important habitat for wildlife fauna species. J Environ Biol 41:328–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehman A (2019) Role of native solitary bees in improving apple production in Pakistan. M. Sc Thesis. Department of Entomology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig C, Elliott J, Deryng D et al (2014) Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(9):3268–3273

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabir AM, Bhatti AH, Haq I, Suhail A (1999) The foraging behavior and value of pollination by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in linseed. Pak J Biol Sci 2(3):645–646

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabir AM, Suhail A, Rafi MA et al (2007) Foraging activity of bumblebees (Bombus Latr.) in relation to floral resources in agricultural and semi-natural landscape. International conference biological resources of Pakistan: problems, success and future perspectives, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, p 25

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabir AM, Suhail A, Ahmed S, Khalid S (2011) Diversity of bumblebees (Bombini, Apidae: Hymenoptera) in Northern Pakistan. Int J Agric Bio 13:159–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeed S, Sajjad A, Kwon O, Kwon YJ (2008) Fidelity of Hymenoptera and Diptera pollinators in onion (Allium cepa L.) pollination. Entomol Res 38:276–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeed S, Malik DK, Sajjad A, Ali M (2012a) In search of the best native pollinators for bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) pollination in Multan, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 44(6):1633–1641

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeed S, Sajjad A, Kwon YJ (2012b) Bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) can be the efficient pollinators of cotton crop. Pak Entomol 34(1):17–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeed S, Bashir MA, Khan KA et al (2019) Assemblage of pollinator communities in four widely isolated nature reserves of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Saudi J Biol Sci 26(4):860–865

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Said F, Inayatullah M, Ahmad S et al (2015) Foraging behavior of the Himalayan Honeybee, Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) associated with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at Peshawar District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). J Entomol Zool Stud 3(3):203–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Said F, Inayatullah M, Ali H (2017) Studies on visitation pattern of honeybee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and its impact on the yield and oil contents of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed in Peshawar valley, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 49(3):943–949

    Google Scholar 

  • Said F, Jalal F, Imtiaz M et al (2018) Foraging behavior of the giant honey bee, Apis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at Peshawar District of Pakistan. Pure Appl Bio 7(3):1115–1121

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajjad A, Saeed S, Masood A (2008) Pollinator community of onion (Allium cepa L.) and its role in crop reproductive success. Pak J Zool 40(6):451–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajjad A, Saeed S, Muhammad W, Arif MJ (2009) Role of insects in cross pollination and yield attributing components of Sesbania sesban. Int J Agri Biol 11(1):77–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajjad A, Saeed S, Bashir MA (2012) Spatial variation in pollinator communities and reproductive performance of Prosopis juliflora. J Pollinat Ecol 8(9):59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajjad A, Saeed S, Ali M (2017a) Yearlong association of Apis dorsata and Apis florea with flowering plants: planted forest vs. agricultural landscape. Sociobio 64(1):18–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajjad A, Saeed S, Ali M et al (2017b) Effect of temporal data aggregation on the perceived structure of a quantitative plant-floral visitor network. Entomol Res 47(6):380–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajjad A, Ali M, Saeed S et al (2019) Yearlong association of insect pollinator, Pseudapis oxybeloides with flowering plants: Planted forest vs agricultural landscape. Saudi J Biol Sci 26(7):1799–1803

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar G, Aslam M, Munawar MS et al (2008) Effect of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pollination on fruit setting and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Pak Entomol 30(2):185–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar G, Raja S, Mahmood R et al (2012) Fruit setting and yield of loquats (Eriobotrya japonica) as affected by pollinators. Pak Entomol 34(1):43

    Google Scholar 

  • Severoğlu Z, Altay V, Ozyıgıt II et al (2011) Some ecological characteristic and the flora of Gölcük District and its environs (Kocaeli-Turkey). Sci Res Essays 6(4):847–875

    Google Scholar 

  • Sezer Y, Altay V, Ozyıgıt II, Yarcı C (2015) Woody vegetation of Şile and its environs (Istanbul/Turkey) and destruction of the area. J Environ Biol 36:163–170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaheen FA, Khan KA, Husain M et al (2017) Role of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) foraging activities in increased fruit setting and production of apples (Malus domestica). Pak J Agric Res 30(1):1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahid A, Shehzad A, Rafi MA, Zia A (2013) Insect pollinators of Litchi chinensis from District Haripur, Pakistan. Pak J Agric 26:220–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakeel M, Inayatullah M (2013) Impact of insect pollinators on the yield of canola (Brassica napus) in Peshawar, Pakistan. J Agric Urban Entomol 29(1):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakeel M, Inayatullah M, Ali H (2015) Checklist of insect pollinators and their relative abundance on two canola (Brassica napus) cultivars in Peshawar, Pakistan. J Ent Zool Stud 3:326–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakeel M, Ali H, Ahmad S et al (2019) Insect pollinators diversity and abundance in Eruca sativa Mill. (Arugula) and Brassica rapa L. (Field mustard) crops. Saudi J Biol Sci 26(7):1704–1709

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh KM (2000) Ecological Studiesof Avifauna in the Naltar Valley, Northern Pakistan with a Conservation Perspective, Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh UAA, Ahmad M, Imran M et al (2014) Distribution of Bumblebee, Bombus haemorrhoidalis Smith, and its Association with Flora in Lower Northern Pakistan. Pak J Zool 46(4):1045–1051

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh UAA, Ahmad M, Aziz MA et al (2015) First record of Genus Bombus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini) in Naran Kaghan valley of Pakistan and their floral host range. J Bio Env Sci 7(1):215–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffan-Dewenter I, Munzenberg U, Burger C et al (2002) Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology 83:1421–1432

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephen E, Irshad M (2012) Economics impact of pollinators in crop production of Pakistan. UNEP-GEFFAO Project, Islamabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Suhail A, Sabir AM, Asghar M et al (2009) Geographic distributional patterns of the genus Bombus (Bombini, Apidae: Hymenoptera) in Northern Pakistan. Biodivers Conserv 2:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarakçı S, Altay V, Keskin M, Sümer S (2012) Beykoz ve çevresi (İstanbul)’nin kent florası. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 2(7):47–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkmen N, Duzenli A, Ozturk M (2015) The floristic characteristics of High Mountains of Amanos: a case study from Mount Mıgır, Turkey. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Climate change impacts on high-altitude ecosystems. Springer, New York, pp 427–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Uma P, Tej P, Harish KS et al (2012) Value of insect pollinators to Himalayan agricultural economies. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu

    Google Scholar 

  • Velthuis HHW, Doorn A (2006) A century of advances in bumblebee domestication and the economic and environmental aspects of its commercialization for pollination. J Apidol 37:421–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Warriner MD (2010) A range extension for the large carpenter bee, Xylocopa micans (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with notes on floral and habitat associations. J Kansas Entomol Soc 83(3):267–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams PH, Camerson SA, Hines B, Rasmont PC (2008) A simplified subgeneric classification of the bumblebees (Genus Bombus). Apidologie 39:46–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarcı C, Altay V (2016) Kocaeli ve çevresindeki tarım alanlarının yabani ot florası. Erzincan Univ J Sci Technol 9(2):148–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarcı C, Serin M, Altay V (2007) The segetal vegetation of Kocaeli Province (Turkey). Ekoloji 16(63):23–33

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

    Shafqat Saeed

Authors
  1. Shafqat Saeed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shafqat Saeed .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany and Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye

    Münir Öztürk

  2. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Shujaul Mulk Khan

  3. Biology Department, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya-Hatay, Türkiye

    Volkan Altay

  4. Department of Geography, Balıkesir University, Istanbul, Türkiye

    Recep Efe

  5. Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

    Dilfuza Egamberdieva

  6. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

    Furkat O. Khassanov

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Saeed, S. (2022). Bee Diversity of Pakistan. In: Öztürk, M., Khan, S.M., Altay, V., Efe, R., Egamberdieva, D., Khassanov, F.O. (eds) Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainability in Asia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73943-0_27

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation