Abstract
Proactive reviews are distinguishable from a formal investigation but investigative offices from some international organisations can and do find it useful to undertake both. They are not normally undertaken because of an allegation, more on the basis that the project to be reviewed is of a relatively high risk but has not been the subject of an allegation.
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See page 14 of their 2018 Annual Report.
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The CII has its own website at: www.conf-int-investigators.org.
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See page 11 - 12 of EIB’s Anti-Fraud Activity Report 2017 at: https://www.eib.org/attachments/general/reports/ig_fraud_investigations_activity_report_2017_en.pdf.
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Photos are always useful to demonstrate the issues identified - the pages of photos are called ‘Photo Gallery’ in the Report, such as pp. 139–165 and p. 277 in Volume 1 and p.410 in Volume 2.
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Text from page 1 of the Report’s Executive Summary, www.siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTDOII/Resources/WB250_Web_Vol1_012408.pdf.
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Such as the 2018 Report at: www.eib.org/en/publications/fraud-investigations-activity-report-2018.
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See the discussion of them in their Charter and 2018 Annual Report.
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The guidelines are all published on the website: www.conf-int-investigators.org.
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See the ACFE 2018 Report to the Nations at www.acfe.com/report-to-the-nations/2018/default.aspx.
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FCPA Blog article by Jeffrey Klink and Tracy Pastrick dated March 20, 2019 entitled ‘The Risk of Relying on Auditors to Find Fraud’ which notes that ‘Shell companies are formed in minutes, and a cursory review of the Panama Papers show how these entities are used to defraud others. Failure to perform due diligence is often the flaw in the internal control process and site visits are often the only means available to assess whether a company is real or a fake. The audit process typically does not utilise site visits or other extensive field research to assess whether one or five hundred shell companies are defrauding a client’ and ‘... it is important to use the right resource to ferret out fraud. Unless specifically requested to perform a forensic audit to look for fraud, an audit performed by an auditor in the ordinary course of business is unlikely to uncover such misconduct’.
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Smith, D. (2021). Proactive Reviews. In: Promoting Integrity in the Work of International Organisations . Contributions to Finance and Accounting. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73916-4_11
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