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Neoproterozoic Crustal Evolution of the Northernmost Arabian-Nubian Shield, South Jordan

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The Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield

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Abstract

The evolution of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) involved different stages that go back in time to more than 850 Ma and extended for the following 300 million years. In Jordan, the Neoproterozoic basement is dominated by rocks representing the late stages with younger ages mainly between 630 and 580 Ma. In this chapter, we present an overview of the different lithologies comprising the Neoproterozoic basement complex (NBC) in Jordan and their evolution history. The oldest evidence for a magmatic activity that can be traced back is represented by the tonalitic gneiss (787 ± 3 Ma) in SW Jordan comprising a part of the Abu Barqa Metamorphic Suite (ABMS). The tonalitic protolith of this gneiss most likely represents the Tonian intra-oceanic island arc stage characterizing the “proto-crust” of the ANS. Similar rocks of equivalent ages are present elsewhere in the northern ANS. Ages of detrital zircons in metasediments of ABMS range between 920 and 678 Ma and suggest a depositional phase at ~680 Ma in an active island arc convergence setting. A second phase of magmatic rocks recorded in the NBC of Jordan is represented by preserved magmatic and metamorphic clasts (650–625 Ma) in molasse-type sedimentary basins (e.g., Saramuj Conglomerate Formation). The peak metamorphic event recorded in the northern ANS due to the amalgamation of the East and West Gondwana and associated migmatization took place at ~620 ± 5 Ma. During this event, older juvenile igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks were deformed and metamorphosed. This was associated with and directly followed by voluminous calc-alkaline magmatism that gave rise to a huge diorite–granodiorite–granite batholith represented by about twenty plutons ranging in age between ~618 and 608 Ma. The magmas that formed this batholith (Aqaba Complex) was characterized by deep (garnet-controlled) fractionation which is reflected by the steep REE patterns. The last phase of the batholithic intrusion was between 608 and 604 Ma (Yutum Suite) that was followed by the exhumation and erosion of the ABMS and the newly formed crust through escape tectonics and erosion. This period was marked by the transition from compressional tectonic regime into extensional and escape tectonics regime. Simultaneously, extensive volcano-sedimentary activity took place. This is commenced by the deposition of the Saramuj Conglomerate Formation, and the emplacement of the Araba bimodal igneous rocks (Araba Complex) of rift-related magmas characterized by shallow (feldspar-controlled) fractionation. The concluding event of this activity was the extrusion of the alkaline to peralkaline Aheimir Volcanic Suite and the emplacement of the last generation of dikes, which is believed to have ceased by ~580 Ma.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank our student Leena Adnan Abdulqader for digitizing the maps in Figs. 5.2b and 5.3. The reviewers Peter Johnson, Martin Whitehouse, and Mokhles Azer are gratefully acknowledged for their careful review that significantly improved the manuscript. Prof. Zakaria Hamimi is greatly acknowledged for handling the editorial work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan

    Ghaleb H. Jarrar & Hind Ghanem

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  1. Ghaleb H. Jarrar
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  2. Hind Ghanem
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Correspondence to Ghaleb H. Jarrar .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Banha University, Benha, Egypt

    Zakaria Hamimi

  2. Department of Geology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Abdel-Rahman Fowler

  3. Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium

    Jean-Paul Liégeois

  4. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Alan Collins

  5. Boone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Mohamed G. Abdelsalam

  6. Department of Geology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

    Mohamed Abd EI-Wahed

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Jarrar, G.H., Ghanem, H. (2021). Neoproterozoic Crustal Evolution of the Northernmost Arabian-Nubian Shield, South Jordan. In: Hamimi, Z., Fowler, AR., Liégeois, JP., Collins, A., Abdelsalam, M.G., Abd EI-Wahed, M. (eds) The Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72995-0_5

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