Abstract
Government behavior is one of the key factors shaping the coming era of autonomous mobility. This chapter explores the evolution of government policy and regulations in the 2010s for the commercial deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs). This study explores the cases of Korea and France as they are major players in the global automotive industry and, at the same time, take contrasting approaches to the emergence of autonomous mobility. They have in common that AVs were set as a national strategic sector in the early 2010s for industrial competitiveness. Various policy measures and regulation changes have been followed in four areas: (1) research and development (R&D) and tests, (2) legal and regulatory framework, (3) infrastructure for AV deployment, and (4) social acceptance. The two countries take different approaches. While France takes a demand-pull approach, focusing on developing autonomous mobility, Korea takes a tech-push approach, focusing on developing autonomous vehicles. This difference reflects each country’s country-specific socio-economic context and their government’s perspective on autonomous driving.
This chapter is an adaptation of the author’s original study, Ki (2020), which was supported by Fondation France-Japan of the EHESS – Renault Chair.
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Notes
- 1.
This method does not exclude news articles in which the word “government” means the government of other countries.
- 2.
The Korean government used NTHSA’s levels of automation in its goal setting of AV deployment. NHTSA Level 4 is equivalent to SAE Levels 4 and 5.
- 3.
As of the end of January 2021, there has been no official changes in these targets. However, in December 2020, Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) announced that it would launch a Level 3 autonomous vehicle from 2022. Given the critical role of HMC in the Korean automotive industry, the author conjectures that the government has delayed the first target, Level 3 commercialization in 2021, internally.
- 4.
Pangyo is the name of a region in Seoung-nam, a city in Gyeonggi-do Province.
- 5.
Established in 2008, AICT is a research institute financed by Gyeonggi-do Provincial Government.
- 6.
The title of the document is “Objectifs de recherche Nouvelle France Industrielle «Véhicule Autonome».” The document is available at https://pole-moveo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Objectifs_de_recherche-Veh_Auton_V1.2.pdf
- 7.
The official website of the French government selectively introduces 10 measures of the PACTE Act. See PACTE (n.d.).
- 8.
This paragraph draws on Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire (n.d.).
- 9.
You can find the document at the website of the French Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition (Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire in French), or https://www.ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr/vehicules-autonomes (accessed on February 28, 2020). The direct link to the PDF file of the report is https://www.ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/90p%20VDEF.pdf (accessed on February 28, 2020).
- 10.
A link to the PDF file of the Action Plan is http://rnd.inha.ac.kr/schedule/download.do?id=20538 (accessed on February 28, 2020).
- 11.
For the Korean document, the Korean term “자율주행,” which means autonomous driving, is used for this purpose.
- 12.
For the Korean document, the Korean term “기술,” which means technology, is used.
- 13.
The specific terms related to communication technology of AVs include “V2*,” “(tele)communication(s),” “5G,” and “ITS-G5.” “V2*” indicates terms starting with “V2” such V2X and V2I. ITS-G5 is intelligent transport system which operates in the 5GHz range. It is an adaptation of the widely used IEEE 802.11 standard for Wi-Fi to incorporate Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) (Sens, 2016).
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Ki, J. (2021). Evolution of Government Policy for Autonomous Mobility: Korean and French Cases and Their Differences. In: Mira-Bonnardel, S., Antonialli, F., Attias, D. (eds) The Robomobility Revolution of Urban Public Transport. Transportation Research, Economics and Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72976-9_2
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