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Quantum Cryptography

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Quantum Technologies and Military Strategy

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Abstract

Keeping secrets is a universal problem. Quantum technology promises to offer a solution to this problem. Data is all about facts and statistics. Many recognise data as a personal and secret entity. The quantitative data is available in form of numbers while text, images and videos make for qualitative data. Mostly various security mechanisms are put in pace for securing all kinds of data. In general, humans have been using various techniques to keep various secrets intact for centuries. This being a dynamic process, constantly efforts are getting made to upgrade and evolve new security mechanisms.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    https://www.britannica.com/topic/cipher, accessed on May 13, 2020.

  2. 2.

    WhatsApp, is an American freeware, owned by Facebook. It allows users to send text and voice messages, make video calls, and share images and documents.

  3. 3.

    Kessler [1].

  4. 4.

    https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cryptography/cryptography_quick_guide.htm, accessed on May 13, 2020.

  5. 5.

    Barker et al. [2].

  6. 6.

    A light-weight portable pin-and-lug cipher machine, developed at the beginning of World War II.

  7. 7.

    The Enigma machine is an encryption device (first half of 20th century) to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication Nazi Germany had used it during World War II.

  8. 8.

    A Japanese “Type B Cipher Machine”, codenamed Purple by United States cryptanalysts.

  9. 9.

    https://www.iacr.org/, accessed on May 28, 2020.

  10. 10.

    Diffie and Hellman [3].

  11. 11.

    https://www.garykessler.net/library/crypto.html, accessed on May 18, 2020.

  12. 12.

    The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm capitalizes on the fact that there is no efficient way to factor very large (100–200 digit) numbers. This algorithm gets used by modern computers to encrypt and decrypt messages.

  13. 13.

    https://www.elprocus.com/cryptography-and-its-concepts/, accessed on May 23, 2020.

  14. 14.

    The RSA algorithm is named after those who invented it in 1978: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman.

  15. 15.

    https://www.educative.io/edpresso/what-is-the-rsa-algorithm, accessed on Feb 07, 2021.

  16. 16.

    https://www.misterpki.com/rsa-dsa-ecdsa/, accessed on Jun 05, 2020.

  17. 17.

    https://www.airtract.com/question/What-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-classical-cryptography, accessed on May 24, 2020.

  18. 18.

    https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/one-time-pad and http://users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants/en/onetimepad.htm, accessed on May 28, 2020.

  19. 19.

    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-26090-0_3, accessed on May 24, 2020.

  20. 20.

    https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/category/certifications-training/ethical-hacking/cryptography-fundamentals/breaking-cryptography-for-hackers/#gref, accessed on May 25, 2020.

  21. 21.

    https://www.computerworld.com/article/2550008/the-clock-is-ticking-for-encryption.html, accessed on May 25, 2020.

  22. 22.

    https://www.forbes.com/sites/waynerash/2019/10/31/quantum-computing-poses-an-existential-security-threat-but-not-today/#648870d95939, accessed on May 25, 2020.

  23. 23.

    Aditya and Shankar Rao [4].

  24. 24.

    http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec14.html and https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classical-cryptography-and-quantum-cryptography/, accessed May 24, 2020.

  25. 25.

    http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/lectures/node5.html and https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classical-cryptography-and-quantum-cryptography/, accessed May 24, 2020.

  26. 26.

    https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classical-cryptography-and-quantum-cryptography/, accessed May 24, 2020.

  27. 27.

    https://quantumxc.com/quantum-cryptography-explained/, accessed on May 04, 2020. This reference has been consulted for the information discussed after note no. 22. At places the inputs presented as verbatim from the source consulted.

  28. 28.

    https://www.wired.com/insights/2014/09/quantum-key-distribution/, accessed on Jun 02, 2020.

  29. 29.

    Cardinal [5].

  30. 30.

    https://qt.eu/understand/underlying-principles/quantum-key-distribution-qkd/, accessed on June 02, 2020.

  31. 31.

    https://qt.eu/understand/underlying-principles/quantum-key-distribution-qkd/, accessed on June 02, 2020 and https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/857156, accessed on Jun 03, 2020.

  32. 32.

    Korolov and Drinkwater [6].

  33. 33.

    Haitjem [7].

  34. 34.

    Mafu and Senekane [8].

  35. 35.

    Peng et al. [9].

  36. 36.

    https://www.insidequantumtechnology.com/quantum-key-distribution-vs-post-quantum-cryptography/, accessed on Jun 05, 2020.

  37. 37.

    Is an asymmetric encryption algorithm (1978) by Robert McEliece. It use randomization in the encryption process. This not so popular encryption algorithm, is a candidate for “post-quantum cryptography”, since it is immune to attacks using Shor's algorithm.

  38. 38.

    Bernstein·et al. [10].

  39. 39.

    Bernstein and Lange [11].

  40. 40.

    Derek [12].

  41. 41.

    https://www.insidequantumtechnology.com/quantum-key-distribution-vs-post-quantum-cryptography/, accessed on Jun 05, 2020.

  42. 42.

    https://www.insidequantumtechnology.com/quantum-key-distribution-vs-post-quantum-cryptography/, accessed on Jun05, 2020.

  43. 43.

    Bernstein and Lange [13].

  44. 44.

    Fernández-Caramés and Fraga-Lamas [14].

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  1. The Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (MP-IDSA), New Delhi, India

    Ajey Lele

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Lele, A. (2021). Quantum Cryptography. In: Quantum Technologies and Military Strategy. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72721-5_4

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