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Quantum Computers

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Quantum Technologies and Military Strategy

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Abstract

The fundamental problem of communication is to ensure that, the process of communication should always help reproduce at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point. Normally, every message has a meaning and purpose and possibly even a backdrop too.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Shannon [1].

  2. 2.

    Aftab et al. [2].

  3. 3.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/information-theory, accessed on April 03, 2020.

  4. 4.

    Nielsen and Chuang [3].

  5. 5.

    http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/ph229/notes/chap5.pdf, accessed on April 12, 2020.

  6. 6.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/information-theory. accessed on April 03, 2020.

  7. 7.

    Renes [4].

  8. 8.

    Wiesner [5].

  9. 9.

    Rieffel and Polak [7].

  10. 10.

    https://techdifferences.com/difference-between-analog-and-digital-computer.html. Accessed on Apr 24, 2020.

  11. 11.

    Grumbling and Horowitz [6].

  12. 12.

    The time required for a computer to solve a problem, where this time is a simple polynomial function of the size of the input.

  13. 13.

    The entire above discussion is based on Rieffel and Polak [7].

  14. 14.

    https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.13641. Accessed on Apr 26, 2020.

  15. 15.

    The discussion on quantum computation is based on Quantum Technologies Roadmap, pp. 5–6.

  16. 16.

    Katwala [8].

  17. 17.

    A 4-qubit machine would have 16 states and 256 states in case of 8-qubit machine. Subsequent challenges are extremely complicated. For example, a 20-qubit machine has over one million states, and in case of 32-qubit, difficult to say with the help of a classical computer.

  18. 18.

    Greenemeier [9].

  19. 19.

    https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-close-are-we-really-to-building-a-quantum-computer/. Accessed on Apr 24, 2020.

  20. 20.

    Krupansky [10].

  21. 21.

    Hidary [11].

  22. 22.

    https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-close-are-we-really-to-building-a-quantum-computer/. Accessed on Apr 24, 2020.

  23. 23.

    “The WIRED Guide to Quantum Computing”, Aug 24, 2018, https://www.wired.com/story/wired-guide-to-quantum-computing/. Accessed on April 30, 2020.

  24. 24.

    Grimes [12].

  25. 25.

    In mathematics, topology relates with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations like stretching, twisting, crumpling and bending. Quantum topology connects quantum mechanics with low-dimensional topology.

  26. 26.

    https://news.microsoft.com/features/new-microsoft-breakthroughs-general-purpose-quantum-computing-moves-closer-reality/ and Grimes [13].

  27. 27.

    https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-close-are-we-really-to-building-a-quantum-computer/. Accessed on Apr 24, 2020.

  28. 28.

    Knight [14].

  29. 29.

    https://www.ibm.com/quantum-computing/learn/what-is-ibm-q. Accessed on Apr 30, 2020.

  30. 30.

    https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/03/a-preview-of-bristlecone-googles-new.html and Whitwam [15].

  31. 31.

    Arute et al. [16].

  32. 32.

    Aaronson [17].

  33. 33.

    Childers [18] and Pichai [19].

  34. 34.

    https://www.forbes.com/sites/forrester/2019/10/28/google-claims-quantum-supremacy-ibm-says-nope-unpacking-whats-important/#66b88bc65d9f. Access on Apr 30, 2019.

  35. 35.

    https://www.sciencenews.org/article/google-quantum-supremacy-claim-controversy-top-science-stories-2019-yir. Accessed on May 1, 2020.

  36. 36.

    Ball [20].

  37. 37.

    Easen [21].

  38. 38.

    “Quantum Artificial Intelligence in 2021: in-Depth Guide”, Jan 1, 2021, https://research.aimultiple.com/quantum-ai/. Accessed on Feb 15, 2021.

References

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (MP-IDSA), New Delhi, India

    Ajey Lele

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Lele, A. (2021). Quantum Computers. In: Quantum Technologies and Military Strategy. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72721-5_3

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