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Uneven and Combined: Product Exchange in the Mediterranean (3rd to 2nd Millennium BCE)

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The Critique of Archaeological Economy

Part of the book series: Frontiers in Economic History ((FEH))

Abstract

This contribution deals with goods exchange in the Mediterranean Bronze Age by applying Marx’s commodity definition in order to better characterize the economic aspects of that goods exchange and to understand how those aspects affected the societies involved. In the process of commoditization, the exchange value of products becomes distinct from their use value, and as this development typically appears first in exchange relations between societies, the examples discussed here refer to products exported from Cyprus and Mycenaean Greece among others. The exchange relationships between different Mediterranean societies involved products exhibiting a commodity character to various degrees, while showing a rough east-west gradient in this respect. Under specific circumstances, these exchange relationships led to a rapid acceleration in the development of socio-economic relationships within societies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    On the discussions regarding the possibilities of applying or adapting Wallerstein’s world systems approach to pre-capitalist societies and especially to 4th to 2nd millennium Mesopotamia and the Near East, see Patterson (2003: 140–146).

  2. 2.

    “It is because all commodities, as values, are realised human labour, and therefore commensurable, that their values can be measured by one and the same special commodity, and the latter be converted into the common measure of their values, i.e., into money. Money as a measure of value, is the phenomenal form that must of necessity be assumed by that measure of value which is immanent in commodities, labour-time” (Marx, 1962 [1867]: 109).

  3. 3.

    “Denn die Bewegung, worin er [der Wert] Mehrwert zusetzt, ist seine eigne Bewegung, seine Verwertung als Selbstverwertung”. In the English translation this becomes: “For the movement, in the course of which it [the value] adds surplus-value, is its own movement, its expansion, therefore, is automatic expansion,” quoted after https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch04.htm.

  4. 4.

    The calculation is based on measurements at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. EAM 3196, sword from chamber tomb 91 at Mycenae (Tsountas’ excavations, Xenaki-Sakellariou, 1985: 260, pls. 127, VIII): 249 g.—EAM 3197, sword from chamber tomb 91 at Mycenae (Tsountas’ excavations, Xenaki-Sakellariou, 1985: 260, pls. 127, VIII): 231.5 g.—EAM 6634, sword from chamber tomb 25 at Prósimna (Blegen, 1937: 330, Fig. 198 [top]): 232 g.—Metal loss during casting, grinding and polishing estimated by Mathias Mehofer (VIAS, University of Vienna).

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Acknowledgements

I wish to thank Kostas Passas for discussing with me various Marxian economic concepts. Of course, all errors remain mine.

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    Reinhard Jung

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    Reinhard Jung

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Jung, R. (2021). Uneven and Combined: Product Exchange in the Mediterranean (3rd to 2nd Millennium BCE). In: Gimatzidis, S., Jung, R. (eds) The Critique of Archaeological Economy. Frontiers in Economic History . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72539-6_8

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