Abstract
Every monetary instrument has emerged as a convention that gradually becomes “inside money,” which represents private social obligations accepted erga omnes within a community. Banks create “inside money” under a financing through money creation (FMC) model based upon the very process of credit creation and the reputation of the banks that take part in this process. Meanwhile, online and offline communities have created complementary instruments around different targets, ranging from meeting local credit demand and stimulating local economies, to achieving social and political reforms. Within this monetary universe, this chapter will focus on the emergence of “cryptoassets” and the conventional bases needed for their gradual diffusion through different social finance paradigms. This chapter will argue that the very creation of a “cryptoasset” will not create an “inside money.” Just as Darling, J. explained in the case Moss v Hancock, these instruments require a quasi-universal level of acceptance within a digital community to be recognized as money. In other words, if we want to create social “cryptoassets” that go beyond the definitions of speculative commodities and securities, we have to build on monetary conventions. To understand this key element, we open this chapter with the analysis of the socio-legal definition of “money,” and from this introduction, we are going to highlight the relevance of conventions and network effects to create “inside monies” and “outside monies” within new digital environments. Our goal is to see if we can define “cryptoassets” as money and consider how to diffuse these cryptographic innovations as such.
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Notes
- 1.
The Metallist theory argues that money emerged through the use of different commodities like metals as means of exchange before their respective adoption and regulation, and it can be identified in the work of authors, such as Karl Menger.
- 2.
The Kula ring is a system of exchange that is strictly ceremonially regulated by which several tokens of value known as Vaygu’a are exchanged periodic overseas expeditions, which link together the various Kula communities on the Trobriand Islands.
- 3.
The ius cudendae monetae/lex monetae is understood as the power over the monetary system by which a stakeholder defines the unit of account, regulates the creation and circulation of currency within its territory, the right to determine and change the value of the currency, and its interaction with foreign currencies (Avgouleas & Blair, 2020, p. 25).
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
They are known as Initial Coin Offerings given that they present similarities to traditional initial public offerings (IPOs), which involve “a fundraising event in which an entity offers participants a unique digital asset – often described as a ‘coin’ or ‘token’ – in exchange for consideration (most commonly Bitcoin, Ether, U.S. dollars, or other fiat currency).” See U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission v Kik Interactive Inc. ([2019], 19cv-5244 [US], p. 8).
- 7.
Article 2(d) defines “virtual currencies” as “digital representation of value that is not issued or guaranteed by a central bank or a public authority, is not necessarily attached to a legally established currency and does not possess a legal status of currency or money, but is accepted by natural or legal persons as a means of exchange and which can be transferred, stored and traded electronically.”
- 8.
Uta Kohl (2012, pp. 187–188) argues, constructing on the work of Bentham and Foucault, that technology can be employed as a regulatory “panopticon” where sovereign control is pervasive and hidden in technological structures and designs.
- 9.
- 10.
Clarke, above n 52.
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Cedillo Lazcano, I. (2021). Inside Money Creation in the Digital Era. In: Walker, T., McGaughey, J., Goubran, S., Wagdy, N. (eds) Innovations in Social Finance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72535-8_10
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