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Using Renewable Energy Policies to Develop Carbon Dioxide Removal

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Climate Geoengineering: Science, Law and Governance

Abstract

Despite recent efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, scientists still project that we will not avoid dangerous climate change. Models that calculate that we can avoid this result almost exclusively rely upon carbon dioxide removal options to stay below this level of warming. Although a number of CDR technologies are theoretically possible, they all have limitations. More germane here, they all remain far from the level of development and installation required.

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Notes

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    Adoption of the Paris Agreement, UNFCC Conference of the Parties, 21st Sess., U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 (Dec. 12, 2015), at art. 2(1)(a)http://unfccc.int/files/home/application/pdf/paris_agreement.pdf [hereinafter Paris Agreement].

  2. 2.

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  11. 11.

    NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC), CLIMATE INTERVENTION: CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL AND RELIABLE SEQUESTRATION 33 (2015). Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) systems, on the other hand, apply the captured CO2 to a number of processes, including enhanced oil recovery, mineral carbonation, food and beverage carbonation, polymer processing, microalgae production, and enhanced coal bed methane recovery. Jennifer Wilcox, Peter C Psarras & Simona Liguori, Assessment of Reasonable Opportunities for Direct Air Capture, 12 ENVT’L. RES. LETTERS 1, 2 (2017).

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    Id.

  13. 13.

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  14. 14.

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  17. 17.

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  19. 19.

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  20. 20.

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  44. 44.

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  45. 45.

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  48. 48.

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  64. 64.

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  70. 70.

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  71. 71.

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  72. 72.

    Id. at 61.

  73. 73.

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  80. 80.

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  83. 83.

    Allen, supra note 84 at 120. RPSs also identify the entities required to comply, designate an administrator – usually a government agency – and specify their enforcement mechanisms. Id.

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  90. 90.

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  92. 92.

    Id.

  93. 93.

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  94. 94.

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  100. 100.

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  101. 101.

    Wiser, Barbose, & Holt, supra note 81 at 3896. The incentive to provide electricity at the lowest cost also incentivizes improving technologies to become more cost competitive. EPA, supra note 85 at 5–3.

  102. 102.

    Some commentators suggest that a weakness of RPSs is that they are so market driven that they do not sufficiently encourage investment in less mature technologies. Buckman, supra note 81 at 4106–07. As discussed in the next section, RPSs can utilize carve outs or multipliers to stimulate development of these resources. Id. at 4107.

  103. 103.

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  108. 108.

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  109. 109.

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  110. 110.

    EPA, supra note 85 at 5–10.

  111. 111.

    Buckman, supra note 81 at 4105. Multipliers are also identified as banding. Id.

  112. 112.

    EPA, supra note 85 at 5–10.

  113. 113.

    Id.

  114. 114.

    Analysis has found that the use of set asides in RPSs has “heavily influenced” the deployment of solar energy in those states. Andrea Sarzynski, Jeremy Larrieu, & Gireesh Shrimali, The Impact of State Financial Incentives on Market Deployment of Solar Technology, ENERGY POLICY 46 (2012) 550–557, 551. Similarly, multipliers are credited with successfully supporting high-cost offshore wind development in the United Kingdom. Buckman, supra note 81 at 4114.

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  125. 125.

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  126. 126.

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  134. 134.

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  190. 190.

    NRC supra note 14 at 106. Part of this range derives from the method of carbon capture. Capture from an emissions source is dramatically less expensive than from the ambient air. Accordingly, the latter may cost up to ten times more than capture directly from an emissions source. Psarras, supra note 36 at 4.

  191. 191.

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  192. 192.

    Supra, pages 3–5.

  193. 193.

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    Id.

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  204. 204.

    Henrik Karlsson & Lennart Byström, GLOBAL STATUS OF BECCS PROJECTS 2010 40 (2011).

  205. 205.

    CTR. FOR CARBON REMOVAL, supra note 71 at 8. See also Feifei Shen, China’s Prep for Carbon-Market Trading May Take Up to Two Years, BLOOMBERG BNA ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY REPORT (Dec. 21, 2017) (noting that China may spend up to two years preparing data reporting and other systems before starting trading in its new carbon market). China’s program is discussed infra.

  206. 206.

    See supra, notes 126–30 and accompanying text.

  207. 207.

    National Conference of State Legislatures, STATE RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS AND GOALS (July 20, 2018), http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx

  208. 208.

    Cory, Couture, & Kreycik, supra note 127 at 2.

  209. 209.

    Kate Larsen et al., Taking Stock 2017: Adjusting Expectations For US GHG Emissions 4–5 (2017), https://rhg.com/qp-content/uploads/2017/05/RHG_ENR_Taking_Stock_24May2017.pdf [http://perma.cc/EZ4U-3AB6]

  210. 210.

    Rhodium Group, Preliminary US Emissions Estimates for 2018 (January 8, 2019), https://rhg.com/research/preliminary-us-emissions-estimates-for-2018/

  211. 211.

    See Dean Scott, China’s Trimmed Carbon Trading Will Still Boost Worldwide Action,

    BLOOMBERG BNA ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY REPORT (Dec. 21, 2017) (noting that China’s carbon trading system will initially cover power generators but subsequently expand to encompass metals, chemicals, and building materials).

  212. 212.

    United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 581, (1995) (KENNEDY, J., concurring).

  213. 213.

    Allison C.C. Hoppe, State-Level Regulation as The Ideal Foundation For Action on Climate Change: a Localized Beginning to the Solution of a Global Problem, 101 CORNELL L. REV. 1627, 1650 (2016).

  214. 214.

    Id. at 1650–51.

  215. 215.

    Thomas P. Lyon & Haitao Yin, Why Do States Adopt Renewable Portfolio Standards?:

    An Empirical Investigation, 31 ENERGY J. 153 (2010).

  216. 216.

    Rob Bellamy, Incentivize Negative Emissions Responsibly, 3 NATURE ENERGY 532–534, 532 (2018).

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Chavez, A.E. (2021). Using Renewable Energy Policies to Develop Carbon Dioxide Removal. In: Burns, W., Dana, D., Nicholson, S.J. (eds) Climate Geoengineering: Science, Law and Governance. AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72372-9_8

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