Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Role of Human Rights in Implementing CDR Geoengineering Options in South Africa

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Climate Geoengineering: Science, Law and Governance

Abstract

There is increasing focus on the human rights implications of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options to help ameliorate the threat of climate change. The 2018 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on global warming of 1.5 °C clarifies that the deployment of CDR geoengineering options is necessary to achieve net zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and stabilize global temperatures below 2 °C. Bourgeoning scholarship and reports show that CDR options are, however, not without uncertainties and risks that can hinder the realization of a wide range of human rights in developing countries. Southern Africa has huge potential for implementing carbon dioxide removal options, although the feasibility of implementing CDR geoengineering options such as ocean fertilization, afforestation, and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is uncertain. South Africa is a State party to a range of international climate change and human rights instruments, and it has a progressive Constitution encompassing a bill of rights and the recognition and application of international law. Against this backdrop, this contribution examines the potential implications of benefits and uncertainties of South African adoption of carbon dioxide removal approaches for human rights, and argues how human rights obligations can serve as a response to the uncertainties intrinsic to the implementation of CDR geoengineering options in South Africa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    Royal Society, Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty (2009), at 15.

  2. 2.

    Royal Society & Royal Academy of Engineering, Greenhouse Gas Removal (2018), at 7; T. Stocker et al., The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC Summary for Policy Makers) (2013), at 25.

  3. 3.

    Wil Burns & Simon Nicholson, Bioenergy and Carbon Capture with Storage (BECCS): The Prospects and Challenges of an Emerging Climate Policy Response, 7 J. Envtl. Studies and Sci. 527, at 527 (2017).

  4. 4.

    Id. at 528; Phil Williamson, Emissions Reduction: Scrutinize CO2 Removal Methods, 530 Nature 153, 155 (2016).

  5. 5.

    William C.G. Burns, Human Rights Dimensions of Bioenergy With Carbon Capture and Storage: A Framework for Climate Justice in the Realm of Climate Geoengineering, in Climate Justice: Case Studies in Global and Regional Governance Challenges 150–170 (Randall Abate, ed. 2016).

  6. 6.

    William C.G. Burns, The Paris Agreement and Climate Geoengineering Governance: The Need for a Human Rights-Based Component 111, Centre for International Governance Innovation Papers 1, at 16–17 (2016).

  7. 7.

    David P. Keller, Ellias Y. Feng and Andreas Oschlies, Potential Climate Engineering Effectiveness and Side Effects during a High Carbon Dioxide-Emission Scenario, 5 Nature Commmunication 1, 9 (25 February 2014).

  8. 8.

    Olof Corry, The International Politics of Geoengineering: The Feasibility of Plan B for Tackling Climate Change, 48(4) Security Dialogue 297, 299 (2017); Charles Q. Choi, Geoengineering Ineffective Against Climate Change, Could Make Worse, Live Science (25 February 2014).

  9. 9.

    IPCC, Summary for Policymakers, in Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty 1–32 (Masson-Delmotte Valerie et al., eds. 2018) (hereafter, IPCC Summary for Policymakers 2018).

  10. 10.

    Royal Society & Royal Academy of Engineering, supra note 2, at 10; Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, FCCC/CP/ 2015/L.9/Rev.1. (adopted by Conference of the Parties, 21st Session Paris, 30 November-11 December 2015.

  11. 11.

    Neil A. Craik & William C.G. Burns, Climate Engineering under the Paris Agreement A Legal and Policy Primer, Centre for International Governance Innovation (2016), at 8.

  12. 12.

    Burns, supra note 6

  13. 13.

    Toby Svoboda, Holly J. Buck and Pablo Suarez, Climate Engineering and Human Rights, 28(3) Envtl. Pol. 397 (2019).

  14. 14.

    Patrick T. Sekoai & Michael O. Daramola, Biohydrogen as a Potential Energy Fuel in South Africa, 6 Biofuel Rsch. J. 223 (2015).

  15. 15.

    Marie-Bénédicte Dembour, What are Human Rights? Four Schools of Thought, 32 Human Rights Q. 1 (2010); Jack Donelly, International Human Rights Law: Universal, Relative, or Relatively Universal, in International Human Rights Law: Six Decades after the UDHR and Beyond 31–48 (Manisuli Ssenyonjo & Mashood A. Baderin, eds. 2010).

  16. 16.

    Burns, supra note 6.

  17. 17.

    UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 217 A (III), (10 December 1948).

  18. 18.

    Vojin Dimitrijevic, Customary Law as an Instrument for the Protection of Human Rights, 7 ISPI Working Paper, 1 at 8–12 (2006).

  19. 19.

    UN ICCPR, 999 UNTS 171, 19 December 1966 (entered into force 23 March 1976).

  20. 20.

    UN ICESCR, 993 UNTS 3, 6 ILM 360, 16 December 1966 (entered into force 3 January 1976).

  21. 21.

    UN ICERD, 660 UNTS 195, 21 December 1965 (entered into force 4 January 1969).

  22. 22.

    UN CEDAW, 13 UNTS 1249, 18 December 1979 (entered into force 3 September 1981).

  23. 23.

    UN CRC, 1577 UNTS 3, 28 ILM 1456, 20 November 1989 (entered into force 2 September 1990).

  24. 24.

    UN CRPD, Doc A/RES/61/106, Annex 1, 13 December 2006 (entered into force 3 May 2008).

  25. 25.

    OAU, African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 ILM 58, 27 June 1981 (entered into force 21 October 1986).

  26. 26.

    OAU, African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 11 July 1990, CAB/LEG/24.9/49 (entered into force 29 November 29).

  27. 27.

    AU, Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, adopted by the 2nd Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union Maputo (11 July 2003).

  28. 28.

    Established by UNGA Resolution 60/251, Human Rights Council, A/RES/60/251 (15 March 2006).

  29. 29.

    UN HRC, Human Rights and Climate Change, Res. 7/23, UN Doc. A/HRC/7/78 (2 July 2009); UN HRC, Human Rights and Climate Change, Res. 10/4, 41st meeting, A/HRC/RES10/4 (25 March 2009); UN HRC, Human Rights and Climate Change, A/HRC/RES/18/22 (24 March 2011); UN HRC, Human Rights and Climate Change, A/HRC/26/L.33 (23 June 2014); UN HRC, Climate Change and Human Rights, A/HRC/32/L.34 (30 June 2016).

  30. 30.

    UNHRC Resolution 7/23, supra note 29.

  31. 31.

    UN HRC, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Relationship between Climate Change and Human Rights, A/HRC/10/61 (15 January 2009) paras. 21–24

  32. 32.

    Id. at paras. 25–27.

  33. 33.

    Id. at paras. 28–30.

  34. 34.

    Id. at paras. 31–34.

  35. 35.

    Id. at paras. 31–34.

  36. 36.

    UNHRC Resolution 10/4, supra note 29.

  37. 37.

    Established under art. 28 (1) of the ICCPR, supra note 19.

  38. 38.

    Established under the Economic and Social Council Resolution 1985/17, (28 May 1985).

  39. 39.

    Established under art. 17 of CEDAW, supra note 22.

  40. 40.

    Established under art. 43(1) of CRC, supra note 23.

  41. 41.

    AU, African Commission of Human and Peoples’ Rights, ACHPR/Res153 (XLVI) 09: Resolution on Climate Change and Human Rights and the Need to Study its Impact in Africa (25 November 2009).

  42. 42.

    AU, African Commission of Human and Peoples’ Rights, 148: Resolution on the Establishment of a Working Group on Extractive Industries, Environment and Human Rights Violations in Africa, adopted at 46th ordinary session held in Banjul, The Gambia (11–25 November 2009).

  43. 43.

    AU, African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ‘271: Resolution on Climate Change in Africa’, adopted at the 55th ordinary session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights held in Luanda, Angola (28 April–12 May 2014).

  44. 44.

    Ademola O. Jegede, Climate Change in the Work of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 31(2) Speculum Juris 136 (2017).

  45. 45.

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ILM 851 (1992).

  46. 46.

    United Nations Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1998 (entered into force 16 February 2005).

  47. 47.

    Paris Agreement, supra note 10.

  48. 48.

    Id. at art. 2.

  49. 49.

    Id. at preamble.

  50. 50.

    UN General Comment No. 31 [80] Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on state parties to the Covenant, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13 HRC (26 May 2004), paras. 5–6; UN General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties’ Obligations (Art. 2, Para. 1, of the Covenant), Fifth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 14 December 1990).

  51. 51.

    Communication 155/96, Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC) and Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) / Nigeria (hereinafter SERAC).

  52. 52.

    Id. at paras. 45–47.

  53. 53.

    Burns, supra note 6.

  54. 54.

    It became a state party on 10 December 1998, OHCHR https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=162&Lang=EN

  55. 55.

    It became a state party on 12 January 2015, OHCHR https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=162&Lang=EN

  56. 56.

    It became a state party on 10 December 1998, OHCHR https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=162&Lang=EN

  57. 57.

    It became a state party on 15 December 1995, OHCHR https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=162&Lang=EN

  58. 58.

    It became a state party on 16 June 1995, OHCHR https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=162&Lang=EN

  59. 59.

    It became a state party on 30 November 2007, OHCHR https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=162&Lang=EN

  60. 60.

    It became a state party on 7 September 1996, ACHPR, Ratification Table: African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ratification/

  61. 61.

    It became a state party on 7 January 2000, ACHPR, Ratification Table: African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, http://www.achpr.org/instruments/child/ratification/

  62. 62.

    It became a state party on 17 December 2014, ACHPR, Ratification Table: Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa http://www.achpr.org/instruments/women-protocol/ratification/17/12/2004

  63. 63.

    It became a state party on 29 August 1999, UNFCCC, http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php

  64. 64.

    It became a state party on 31 July 2002, UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php

  65. 65.

    It became a state party on 1 November 2016, UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php

  66. 66.

    SA News, SA committed to Sustainable Development Goals, http://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/sa-committed-sustainable-development-goals

  67. 67.

    UNEP, Convention on Biological Diversity, UN Doc UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/IX/16 (31 January 1996); see CBD, List of Parties, https://www.cbd.int/information/parties.shtml

  68. 68.

    UN Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, Resolution, LC-LP.2 (2010); South Africa became a state party on 7 August 1978, see https://www.fishbase.de/country/summaryconventions.php?ID=31#

  69. 69.

    UNCLOS, South Africa became a state party on 23 December 1997, see UN, Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements https://www.un.org/depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm

  70. 70.

    Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.

  71. 71.

    Id. at sec. 11.

  72. 72.

    Id. at sec. 27 (1)(b).

  73. 73.

    Id. at sec. 27 (1)(a).

  74. 74.

    Id. at sec. 25.

  75. 75.

    Id. at sec. 26.

  76. 76.

    Id. at sec. 24

  77. 77.

    A.O. Jegede, The Climate Change Regulatory Framework and Indigenous Peoples’ Lands in Africa: Human Rights Implications (2016).

  78. 78.

    IUCN, Afforestation and Reforestation for Climate Change Mitigation: Potentials for Pan-European Action (2004).

  79. 79.

    UNFCCC, Glossary of Climate Change Acronyms and Terms, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/glossary-of-climate-change-acronyms-and-terms#a

  80. 80.

    Sarah Kiggundu, Afforestation in South Africa: Managing Forestry Resources Using Assessment Plans, https://www.polity.org.za/article/afforestation-in-south-africa-managing-forestry-resources-using-assessment-plans-2012-01-20

  81. 81.

    IUCN, supra note 78, at 7.

  82. 82.

    David J. Nowak, Robert Hoehn, and Daniel E. Crane, Oxygen Production by Urban Trees in the United States, 33(3) Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 220 (2007).

  83. 83.

    UNFCCC CDM, Project Search, https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/projsearch.html

  84. 84.

    Janine M. Albaugh, Peter J. Dye and John S. King, Eucalyptus and Water Use in South Africa, Int’l J. Forestry Research 1–12 (2013).

  85. 85.

    Mark B. Gush, Modelling Streamflow Reductions resulting from Commercial Afforestation in South Africa: From Research to Application, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Forest and Water, China (August 2006).

  86. 86.

    Jane K. Turpie et al., The Ecological and Economic Consequences of Changing Land Use in the Southern Drakensberg Grasslands, South Africa,10(4) South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 423 (2007).

  87. 87.

    Arttu Malkamäki et al., A Systematic Review of the Socio-Economic Impacts of Large-Scale Tree Plantations, Worldwide, 53 Global Envtl. Change 90 (2018).

  88. 88.

    Jegede, supra note 77, at 105; Lorenzo Cotula et al., Testing Claims about Large Land Deals in Africa: Findings from a Multi-Country Study, 50 (7) J. Development Studies 903 (2014).

  89. 89.

    Burns, supra note 6; Burns & Nicholson, supra note 4.

  90. 90.

    Preethy Thangaraj et al., Fact Sheet: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (12 March 2018).

  91. 91.

    Joris Kornneeff et al., Global Potential for Biomass and Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport and Storage up to 2050, 11 International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 117,118 (2012).

  92. 92.

    DoE, Biofuels Industrial Strategy of the Republic of South Africa (December 2007).

  93. 93.

    Department of Energy, The Draft Position Paper on the South African Biofuels Regulatory Framework, No. 37232 (15 January 2014), at 19.

  94. 94.

    Willem Jonker et al., Implications of Biofuel Production in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: A System Dynamics Modelling Approach, 28(1) J. Energy in Southern Africa 1 (2017).

  95. 95.

    Burns & Nicholson, supra note 3.

  96. 96.

    Pete Smith et al., Biophysical and Economic Limits to Negative CO2 Emissions, 6 Nature Climate Change 42, 46 (2016); Williamson, supra note 4, at 154.

  97. 97.

    Sivan Kartha & Kate Dooley, The Risks of Relying on Tomorrow’s ‘Negative Emissions’ to guide Today’s Mitigation Action, SEI Working Paper No 2016–08 ((2016).

  98. 98.

    Oliver De Schutter, Note on the Impacts of the EU Biofuels Policy on the Right to Food (23 April 2013). http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/otherdocuments/20130423_biofuelsstatement_en.pdf

  99. 99.

    Pete Smith, Soil Carbon Sequestration and Biochar as Negative Emission Technologies, 22(3) Global Change Bio. 1315 (2016).

  100. 100.

    Kartha & Dooley supra note 97, at 16.

  101. 101.

    Richard S. Lampitt et al., Ocean Fertilization: A Potential Means of Geoengineering?, 366 Philosophical Transactions Royal Society A 3919, 3920 (2008).

  102. 102.

    Sanjay K. Singh et al., Response of Bacterioplankton to Iron Fertilization of the Southern Ocean, Antarctica, Frontiers in Microbiology 1, 2 (2015).

  103. 103.

    Matthew Hubbard, Barometer Rising: The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety as a Model for Holistic International Regulation of Ocean Fertilization Projects and Other Forms of Geoengineering, 40 William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 591, 598 (2016).

  104. 104.

    Melissa V. Eick, A Navigational System for Uncharted Waters: The London Convention and London Protocol’s Assessment Framework on Ocean Iron Fertilization, 46 Tulsa Law Review 351, 357 (2010).

  105. 105.

    Philippe Ciais et al., Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles, in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the First Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 465–570 (Thomas Stocker et al., eds. 2013) 549, at 551.

  106. 106.

    Neil Overy, State of Play? Geoengineering in South Africa, 2018 https://za.boell.org/2018/06/05/state-play-geoengineering-south-africa

  107. 107.

    Id.

  108. 108.

    Id.

  109. 109.

    Jennie Dean, Iron Fertilization: A Scientific Review with International Policy Recommendations 32(2) Environs 322, 330 (2009).

  110. 110.

    John J. Cullen & Philip W. Boyd, Predicting and Verifying the Intended and Unintended Consequences of Large-Scale Ocean Iron Fertilization, 364 Marine Ecology Progress Series 295, 300 (2008).

  111. 111.

    UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), CCPR General Comment No. 6: Article 6 (Right to Life), adopted at the Sixteenth Session of the Human Rights Committee (30 April 1982) paras. 1 &2

  112. 112.

    Mazibuko v City of Johannesburg 2010 4 SA 1 (CC) (the Mazibuko case).

  113. 113.

    Id. at para 1

  114. 114.

    UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 12: The Right to Adequate Food (Art. 11), E/C.12/1999/5, adopted at the Twentieth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (12 May 1999).

  115. 115.

    Id. at paras 4 and 7.

  116. 116.

    Government of the Republic of South Africa and Others v Grootboom and Others (CCT11/00) [2000] ZACC 19; 2001 (1) SA 46; 2000 (11) BCLR 1169 (4 October 2000) para. 29.

  117. 117.

    UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant), E/C.12/2002/11, adopted at the Twenty-ninth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 20 January 2003.

  118. 118.

    Id. at para. 28.

  119. 119.

    Mazibuko, supra note 112, at para. 3.

  120. 120.

    Id. at para. 15.

  121. 121.

    Minister of Health and Others v Treatment Action Campaign and Others (No 2) (CCT8/02) [2002] ZACC 15; 2002 (5) SA 721; 2002 (10) BCLR 1033 (5 July 2002) paras. 4 and 136.

  122. 122.

    UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 4: The Right to Adequate Housing (Art. 11 (1) of the Covenant), E/1992/23, adopted at the Sixth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (13 December 1991), para. 8(a).

  123. 123.

    Id. at para. 8.

  124. 124.

    Alexkor Ltd and Another v Richtersveld Community and Others 2003 (12) BCLR 1301 para. 38.

  125. 125.

    Rahube v Rahube and Others 2019 (1) BCLR 125 (CC) paras. 2 and 74.

  126. 126.

    CBD supra note 67.

  127. 127.

    CPMPD, supra note 68.

  128. 128.

    UNCLOS, supra note 69.

  129. 129.

    Earthlife Africa Johannesburg v Minister of Environmental Affairs and others (Thabametsi case) [2017] JOL 37526 (GP), paras. 25–27.

  130. 130.

    Id. at para. 101.

  131. 131.

    UN General Comment No. 31, supra note 50; UN General Comment No. 3, supra note 50.

  132. 132.

    SERAC, supra note 51, at para. 45.

  133. 133.

    Id.

  134. 134.

    National Water Act (NWA), No. 361998.

  135. 135.

    National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)107,1998.

  136. 136.

    National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act 39, 2004.

  137. 137.

    Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43, 1983.

  138. 138.

    National Forests Act, 1998.

  139. 139.

    Carbon Tax Bill 2018.

  140. 140.

    NWA, supra note 134, at section 6(3)(iv).

  141. 141.

    NEMA, supra note 135, at section 24(1).

  142. 142.

    Carbon Tax Bill, supra note 139, at preamble.

  143. 143.

    Freestone D. Ray, Ocean Iron Fertilization and International Law, 364 (213–218), Marine Ecology Progress Series 227, 231 (2008).

  144. 144.

    National Forests Act, supra note 138, at section 3(3)(vi) and (vii).

  145. 145.

    UN General Comment No. 31, supra note 50; UN General Comment No. 3, supra note 50.

  146. 146.

    CBD, supra note 67.

  147. 147.

    CPMPD, supra note 68.

  148. 148.

    UNCLOS, supra note 69

  149. 149.

    UN General Comment No. 31, supra note 50; UN General Comment No. 3, supra note 50.

  150. 150.

    Id.

  151. 151.

    Paris Agreement, supra note 10, at art. 9(1).

References

  1. Burns, W., Nicholson, S.: Bioenergy and Carbon Capture with Storage (BECCS): The prospects and challenges of an emerging climate policy response. J. Envtl. Studies and Sci. 7, 527 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Corry, O.: The international politics of geoengineering: The feasibility of plan B for tackling climate change. Secur. Dialogue. 48(4), 297–299 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cotula, L., et al.: Testing claims about large land deals in Africa: Findings from a multi-country study. J. Develop. Stud. 50(7), 903 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Cullen, J.J., Boyd, P.W.: Predicting and verifying the intended and unintended consequences of large-scale ocean iron fertilization. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 364, 295–300 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Dean, J.: Iron fertilization: A scientific review with international policy recommendations. Environ. 32(2), 322–330 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dembour, M.-B.: What are human rights? Four Schools of Thought, Human Rights Q. 32, 1 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Eick, M.V.: A navigational system for uncharted waters: The London convention and London protocol’s assessment framework on ocean iron fertilization. Tulsa Law Review. 46, 351–357 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hubbard, M.: Barometer rising: The cartagena protocol on biosafety as a model for holistic international regulation of ocean fertilization projects and other forms of geoengineering. William & Mary Environ. Law & Policy Rev. 40, 591–598 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Jegede, A.O.: Climate change in the work of the African commission on human and peoples’ rights. Speculum Juris. 31(2), 136 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Jonker, W., et al.: Implications of biofuel production in the Western Cape province, South Africa: A system dynamics modelling approach. J. Energy South Africa. 28(1), 1 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Keller, D.P., Feng, E.Y., Oschlies, A.: Potential climate engineering effectiveness and side effects during a high carbon dioxide-emission scenario. Nat. Commmun. 5, 1–9 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kornneeff, J., et al.: Global potential for biomass and carbon dioxide capture, transport and storage up to 2050. Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control. 11, 117–118 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lampitt, R.S., et al.: Ocean fertilization: A potential means of geoengineering? Philosophic. Trans. R. Soc. A. 366, 3919–3920 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Malkamäki, A., et al.: A systematic review of the socio-economic impacts of large-scale tree plantations, worldwide. Glob. Envtl. Change. 53, 90 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Nowak, D.J., Hoehn, R., Crane, D.E.: Oxygen Production by Urban Trees in the United States. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 33(3), 220 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sekoai, P.T., Daramola, M.O.: Biohydrogen as a potential energy fuel in South Africa. Biofuel Rsch. J. 6, 223 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Svoboda, T., Buck, H.J., Suarez, P.: Climate engineering and human rights. Envtl. Pol. 28(3), 397 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Turpie, J.K., et al.: The ecological and economic consequences of changing land use in the Southern Drakensberg Grasslands, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Econ. Manag. Sci. 10(4), 423 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Williamson, P.: Emissions reduction: scrutinize CO2 removal methods. Nature. 530, 153–155 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Law, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa

    Ademola Oluborode Jegede

Authors
  1. Ademola Oluborode Jegede
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Co-Director, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy, American University, Visiting Professor, Environmental Policy and Culture program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Wil Burns

  2. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    David Dana

  3. American University, Washington DC, WA, USA

    Simon James Nicholson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jegede, A.O. (2021). The Role of Human Rights in Implementing CDR Geoengineering Options in South Africa. In: Burns, W., Dana, D., Nicholson, S.J. (eds) Climate Geoengineering: Science, Law and Governance. AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72372-9_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation