Abstract
Smart City is the concept for improvising the urban cities operating and services efficiency by making use of IoT (Internet of things) which is a modular approach that operates by deploying sensors with significant qualities and integrating them with ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) solutions. The application area for the IoT platform has been in smart building and office management, transportation, environmental degradation surveillance, and smart grid management, etc. However, maintaining an efficient architecture for its operation in a complex environment has been a challenge for several years. This will increase the security and privacy concerns with the increase in smart applications within smart cities. This chapter aims to study the issues related to data integrity and security and the approach used to resolve these issues using blockchain analytics algorithms and architecture. This chapter also gives the future direction towards achieving low-cost architectural management for smart cities. This chapter is mainly focused to analyze such challenges and to identify limitations of the existing secure smart cities framework and to proposes an effective blockchain-based smart city interaction framework.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bibri SE, Krogstie J (2017) Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustain Cities Soc 31:183–212. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.016
Naphade M, Banavar G, Harrison C, Paraszczak J, Morris R (2011) Smarter cities and their innovation challenges. Computer (Long Beach Calif) 44(6):32–39. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2011.187
Zanella A, Bui N, Castellani A, Vangelista L, Zorzi M (2014) Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet Things J 1(1):22–32
Shen M, Tang X, Zhu L, Du X, Guizani M (2019) Privacy-preserving support vector machine training over blockchain-based encrypted IoT data in smart cities. IEEE Internet Things J 6(5):7702–7712
Deep G, Mohana R, Nayyar A, Sanjeevikumar P, Hossain E (2019) Authentication protocol for cloud databases using blockchain mechanism. Sensors (Switzerland) 19(20)
Petrolo R, Loscrì V, Mitton N (2014) Towards a smart city based on cloud of things. In: WiMobCity 2014—proceedings of the 2014 ACM international workshop on wireless and mobile technologies for smart cities, co-located with MobiHoc, pp 61–65
Biswas K, Muthukkumarasamy V (2016) Securing smart cities using blockchain technology. In: International conference on high performance computing and communications. IEEE international conference on smart city. IEEE international conference on data science and systems, pp 1392–1393
Lalit G, Emeka C, Nasser N, Chinmay C, Garg G (2020) Anonymity preserving IoT-based COVID-19 and other infectious disease contact tracing model. IEEE Access 8:159402–159414
Decker C, WattenhoferR (2013) Information propagation in the Bitcoin network. IEEE P2P 2013 proceedings, Trento, pp 1–10
Dinh TTA, Liu R, Zhang M, Chen G, Ooi BC, Wang J (2018) Untangling blockchain: a data processing view of blockchain systems. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 30(7):1366–1385
Saini H, Bhushan B, Arora A, Kaur A (2019) Security vulnerabilities in information communication technology: blockchain to the rescue (A survey on Blockchain Technology). In: International conference on intelligent computing, instrumentation and control technologies (ICICICT)
Maesa DDF, Mori P (2020) Blockchain 3.0 applications survey. J Parallel Distrib Comput 138:99–114
Yuan Y, Wang F-Y (2018) Blockchain and cryptocurrencies: model, techniques, and applications. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 48(9):1421–1428
Vora J, Nayyar A, Tanwar S, Tyagi S, Kumar N, Obaidat MS, Rodrigues JJ (2018) BHEEM: a blockchain-based framework for securing electronic health records. In: IEEE Globecom workshops (GC Wkshps)
Huang X, Zhang Y, Li D, Han L (2019) An optimal scheduling algorithm for hybrid EV charging scenario using consortium blockchains. Futur Gener Comput Syst 91:555–562
Wang Q, Zhao H, Wang Q, Cao H, Aujla GS, Zhu H (2019) Enabling secure wireless multimedia resource pricing using consortium blockchains. Futur Gener Comput Syst
Memon R, Li J, Ahmed J (2019) Simulation model for blockchain systems using queuing theory. Electronics 8(2)
Saleh F (2018) Blockchain without waste: proof-of-stake. SSRN Electron J
Wang X, Weili J, Chai J (2018) The research on the incentive method of consortium blockchain based on practical byzantine fault tolerant. In: International symposium on computational intelligence and design (ISCID)
Gramoli V (2017) From blockchain consensus back to Byzantine consensus. Futur Gener Comput Syst
De Angelis S, Aniello L, Baldoni R, Lombardi F, Margheri A, Sassone V (2018) PBFT vs proof-of-authority: applying the CAP theorem to permissioned blockchain. In: Italian conference on cyber security
Rathore MM, Paul A, Hong W, Seo H, Awan I, Saeed S (2018) Exploiting IoT and big data analytics: defining smart digital city using real-time urban data. Sustain Cities Soc 40:600–610
Mohanty SP, Choppali U, Kougianos E (2016) Everything you wanted to know about smart cities: the Internet of things is the backbone. IEEE Consum Electron Mag 5(3):60–70
Bhushan B, Khamparia A, Sagayam KM, Sharma SK, Ahad MA, Debnath NC (2020) Blockchain for smart cities: a review of architectures, integration trends and future research directions. Sustain Cities Soc 61:102360
Qian LP, Wu Y, Ji B, Huang L, Tsang DHK (2019) HybridIoT: integration of hierarchical multiple access and computation offloading for IoT-based smart cities. IEEE Netw 33(2):6–13
Fan K, Zhu S, Zhang K, Li H, Yang Y (2019) A lightweight authentication scheme for cloud-based RFID healthcare systems. IEEE Netw 33(2):44–49
Garg S, Singh A, Batra S, Kumar N, Yang LT (2018) UAV-empowered edge computing environment for cyber-threat detection in smart vehicles. IEEE Netw 32(3):42–51
Lin C, He D, Kumar N, Choo KKR, Vinel A, Huang X (2018) Security and privacy for the internet of drones: challenges and solutions. IEEE Commun Mag 56(1):64–69
Kumar N, Vasilakos AV, Rodrigues JJPC (2017) A multi-tenant cloud-based DC nano grid for self-sustained smart buildings in smart cities. IEEE Commun Mag 55(3):14–21
Dener M (2019) The role of cloud computing in smart cities. Eurasia Proc Sci Technol Eng Math 7:9–43
Khattak HA, Farman H, Jan B, Ud Din I (2019) Toward integrating vehicular clouds with IoT for smart city services. IEEE Netw 33(2):65–71
Sun D, Li G, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Gaire R (2019) Statistically managing cloud operations for latency-tail-tolerance in IoT-enabled smart cities. J Parallel Distrib Comput 127:184–195
Perera C, Qin Y, Estrella JC, Reiff-Marganiec S, Vasilakos AV (2017) Fog computing for sustainable smart cities: a survey. ACM Comput Surv 50(3):1–43
Kaur MJ, Maheshwari P (2016) Building smart cities applications using IoT and cloud-based architectures. In: International conference on industrial informatics and computer systems, CIICS 2016
Elhoseny H, Elhoseny M, Riad AM, Hassanien AE (2018) A framework for big data analysis in smart cities. Adv Intell Syst Comput 723:405–414
Massobrio R, Nesmachnow S, Tchernykh A, Avetisyan A, Radchenko G (2018) Towards a cloud computing paradigm for big data analysis in smart cities. Program Comput Softw 44(3):181–189
Assiri A, Almagwashi H (2018) IoT security and privacy issues. In: International conference on computer applications and information security, ICCAIS 2018
Kaushik K, Dahiya S (2018) Security and privacy in IoT based e-business and retail. In: International conference on system modeling and advancement in research trends, SMART, pp 78–81
Hameed A, Alomary A (2019) Security issues in IoT: a survey. In: International conference on innovation and intelligence for informatics, computing, and technologies, 3ICT 2019
Apare RS, Gujar SN (2018) Research issues in privacy preservation in IoT. In: IEEE global conference on wireless computing and networking, GCWCN, pp 87–90
Rizvi S, Kurtz A, Pfeffer J, Rizvi M (2018) Securing the internet of things (IoT): a security taxonomy for IoT. In: IEEE international conference on trust, security and privacy in computing and communications and IEEE international conference on big data science and engineering, Trustcom/BigDataSE, pp 163–168
Wang S, Wang J, Wang X, Qiu T, Yuan Y, Ouyang L, Guo Y, Wang FY (2018) Blockchain-powered parallel healthcare systems based on the ACP approach. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 5(4):942–950
Gao F, Zhu L, Shen M, Sharif K, Wan Z, Ren K (2018) A blockchain-based privacy preserving payment mechanism for vehicle-to-grid networks. IEEE Netw 32(6):184–192
Longo F, Nicoletti L, Padovano A, d’Atri G, Forte M (2019) Blockchain-enabled supply chain: an experimental study. Comput Ind Eng 136:57–69
Li X, Huang X, Li C, Yu R, Shu L (2019) EdgeCare: leveraging edge computing for collaborative data management in mobile healthcare systems. IEEE Access 7:22011–22025
Aggarwal S, Jindal A, Chaudhary R, Dua A, Aujla GS, Kumar N (2018) EnergyChain: enabling energy trading for smart homes using blockchains in smart grid ecosystem. In: ACM MobiHoc workshop on networking and cybersecurity for smart cities, smart cities security 2018
Rottondi C, Verticale G (2017) A privacy-friendly gaming framework in smart electricity and water grids. IEEE Access 5:14221–14233
Sanjukta B, Sourav B, Chinmay C (2019) IoT-based smart transportation system under real-time environment, IET: big data-enabled internet of things: challenges and opportunities, Ch. 16, pp 353–373
Banerjee S, Chakraborty C, Chatterjee S (2019) A survey on IoT based traffic control and prediction mechanism. Intelligent systems reference library, vol 154. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, pp 53–75
Fakhri D, Mutijarsa K (2018) Secure IoT communication using blockchain technology. In: International symposium on electronics and smart devices (ISESD), Bandung, pp 1–6
Zhaofeng M, Jialin M, Jihui W, Zhiguang S (2020) Blockchain-based decentralized authentication modeling scheme in edge and IoT environment. IEEE Internet Things J
Chen R, Li Y, Yu Y, Li H, Chen X, Susilo W (2020) Blockchain-based dynamic provable data possession for smart cities. IEEE Internet Things J 7(5):4143–4154
Jindal A, Aujla GS, Kumar N, Villari M (2020) GUARDIAN: blockchain-based secure demand response management in smart grid system. IEEE Trans Serv Comput 13(4):613–624
Rahman A et al (2020) DistB-Condo: distributed blockchain-based IoT-SDN model for smart condominium. IEEE Access 8:209594–209609
Yu S, Lee J, Park K, Das AK, Park Y (2020) IoV-SMAP: secure and efficient message authentication protocol for IoV in smart city environment. IEEE Access 8:167875–167886
Reyna A, MartÃn C, Chen J, Soler E, DÃaz M (2018) On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities. Futur Gener Comput Syst 88:173–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.05.046
Salman T, Zolanvari M, Erbad A, Jain R, Samaka M (2019) Security services using blockchains: a state of the art survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 21(1):858–880. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2863956
Xie J et al (2019) A survey of blockchain technology applied to smart cities: research issues and challenges. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 21(3):2794–2830. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2019.2899617
Ferrag MA, Derdour M, Mukherjee M, Derhab A, Maglaras L, Janicke H (2019) Blockchain technologies for the internet of things: research issues and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J 6(2):2188–2204. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2882794
Ali Syed T, Alzahrani A, Jan S, Siddiqui MS, Nadeem A, Alghamdi T (2019) A comparative analysis of blockchain architecture and its applications: problems and recommendations. IEEE Access 7:176838–176869. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2957660
Sookhak M, Tang H, He Y, Yu FR (2019) Security and privacy of smart cities: a survey, research issues and challenges. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 21(2):1718–1743. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2867288
Aggarwal S, Chaudhary R, Aujla GS, Kumar N, Choo KKR, Zomaya AY (2019) Blockchain for smart communities: applications, challenges and opportunities. J Netw Comput Appl 144:13–48. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.06.018
Sengupta J, Ruj S, Das Bit S (2020) A comprehensive survey on attacks, security issues and blockchain solutions for IoT and IIoT. J Netw Comput Appl 149:102481. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.102481
Moniruzzaman M, Khezr S, Yassine A, Benlamri R (2020) Blockchain for smart homes: review of current trends and research challenges. Comput Electr Eng 83:106585. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2020.106585
Alam Khan F, Asif M, Ahmad A, Alharbi M, Aljuaid H (2020) Blockchain technology, improvement suggestions, security challenges on smart grid and its application in healthcare for sustainable development. Sustain Cities Soc 55:102018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bedi, P., Goyal, S.B., Kumar, J., Kumar, S. (2021). Blockchain Integrated Framework for Resolving Privacy Issues in Smart City. In: Chakraborty, C., Lin, J.CW., Alazab, M. (eds) Data-Driven Mining, Learning and Analytics for Secured Smart Cities. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72139-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72139-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-72138-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-72139-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)