Abstract
Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is a dynamic and iterative process with the aim of ensuring the “sustainable development” of coastal areas. Like many other maritime countries, Croatia has recognised its coastal zone as a valuable and specific region requiring special attention. The coastal area is an interface or transition zone where diverse economic activities interact and intensive environmental pressures exist. To deal with these economic and environmental conflicts, numerous instruments, including tools and methods, are available. Given that the multi-sector dimension of ICZM is the most important feature, this particular approach requires a suitable institutional and legal framework, as well as appropriate governance skills. A key goal of this chapter is to analyse policies for the integration of ICZM into Croatian development planning. Special attention is given in particular to spatial and regional policies, physical plans for protected areas such as national and natural parks, and island development policy. An evaluation of the state and progress of ICZM is also given using two different models.
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Notes
- 1.
These definitions have also been used by: the Council recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May, concerning the implementation of the ICZM in Europe (European Commission 2002); the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on IICZM: a strategy for Europe (2000) and the Communication from the Commission and Report to the European Parliament and the Council: an evaluation of ICZM in Europe.
- 2.
Directive 2014/89/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 establishes a framework for maritime spatial planning L 257/135 (European Parliament 2014).
- 3.
Population data is based on Croatian Bureau of Statistics (2011).
- 4.
The MSFD refers to the marine waters encompassing part of the Adriatic beyond the territorial limits in which Croatia “has and/or exercises jurisdictional rights”. This revives the question of the EFPZ provided by the Maritime Act (Croatian Parliament 1994) and based on the Decision of the Croatian Parliament on extending Croatia’s jurisdiction in the Adriatic Sea (Croatian Parliament 2003) in which Croatia has, but apparently does not exercise, all its jurisdictional rights. The respective zone extends from the outer borders of the Croatian territorial sea to the limits of the epicontinental sea (continental shelf), as agreed upon by Italy and Croatia, and has all the characteristics of an exclusive economic zone provided by UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. In 2008, the Croatian Parliament decided that its jurisdiction will not be exercised upon member states of the EU, which means that fishing in the respective zone is to remain outside of the full control of Croatian authorities. Therefore, the implementation of the Marine and Coastal Strategy in the EFPZ may differ across the entire Croatian marine waters as actual jurisdiction rights in the EFPZ differ from those in the territorial and costal sea as opposed to the inland waters.
- 5.
The most important issues in LSI in coastal counties are coastal tourism, shipbuilding and ship repair, fishing, short sea shipping, marine aquaculture, passenger ferry services and cruise tourism. These are the sectors which will have to be regulated with a marine spatial plan in the future.
- 6.
It is important to point out that 266 Natura 2000 marine sites are established in Croatia for a total sea area of 5279 km2.
- 7.
It is interesting to note that certain areas of outstanding value for the biological and landscape diversity of the Republic of Croatia are under international legal protection. Thereby, the Plitvice Lakes National Park has been inserted in the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List since 1979, while the Velebit Mountain was included in 1978 in the world network of biosphere reserves within the UNESCO programme of Man and the Biosphere (MAB).
- 8.
The expectation is that greater incorporation of ICZM at all governmental levels and sectoral activities will lead to positive improvements for the coastal environment. And vice versa, that a positive environmental improvement of coastal areas will be a strong incentive for new ICZM measures and tools.
- 9.
There have been very different approaches taken in the EU and the US for measuring the progress of ICZM. While in the US the assessments of individual ICZM projects prevails, the focus in the EU is on formulating a framework for the assessment of the overall progress.
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Kordej-De Villa, Ž., Rašić, I. (2021). Integrating Coastal Zone Management into National Development Policies: The Case of Croatia. In: Berisha, E., Cotella, G., Solly, A. (eds) Governing Territorial Development in the Western Balkans. Advances in Spatial Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72124-4_11
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